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Streambed sediments host diverse microbial communities that can influence nitrogen (N) fluxes and water chemistry. Both bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizers inhabit streambeds, but their respective contributions to nitrification are often unresolved. We investigated a first\u2010order stream in southern Germany to assess the contribution of distinct ammonia\u2010oxidising populations to streambed nitrification. We combined in\u00a0situ geochemical data, 16S rRNA and functional\u2010gene amplicon sequencing, quantitative PCR and microcosm incubations with selective chemical inhibitors. A process\u2010based reaction model quantified total nitrification rates and inferred contributions of ammonia\u2010oxidising archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB), while population\u2010specific kinetic parameters were estimated using Bayesian inference. We found that AOB dominated nitrification and responded more strongly to ammonium inputs than AOA despite being less abundant. Among them, populations of\n                    <jats:italic>Nitrosomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Nitrosospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. were most important. Differences in ammonia\u2010oxidation rates and ammonia\u2010oxidising communities between sediment depths and successive stream segments suggest a hydrological influence on streambed nitrification. Our study demonstrates the strength of combining field data, microcosm incubations and modelling to better understand microbial N\u2010cycling in the environment. It also mandates caution when interpreting functional\u2010gene abundance as a proxy for in\u00a0situ reactive potential.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.70369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T05:06:54Z","timestamp":1784005614000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Linking Abundance and Activity of Ammonia\u2010Oxidising Bacteria and Archaea in an Agriculturally Impacted First\u2010Order Stream"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2503-5862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Ecological Microbiology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth  Bayreuth Germany"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences ETH Z\u00fcrich  Z\u00fcrich 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Geosciences University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"Quantitative Biology Center University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3509-4118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olaf A.","family":"Cirpka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2424-351X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holger","family":"Pagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biogeophysics University of Hohenheim  Stuttgart Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Bio\u2010 and Geosciences IBG\u20103: Agrosphere Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH  J\u00fclich Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation University of Bonn  Bonn 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