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This study integrates source apportionment, high\u2010throughput sequencing and co\u2010occurrence network analysis to elucidate microbial adaptations along a petroleum exposure gradient. Source analysis confirmed that all soils were predominantly influenced by petroleum\u2010derived inputs, with hydrocarbon concentrations increasing significantly across gradients. Under contamination levels of 422.35\u2013621.21\u2009mg\/kg, petroleum pollution not only reduced soil total organic carbon (TOC) but also induced coupled C\u2013N interactions and altered soil physicochemical properties, resulting in complex environmental effects. The soil quality index (SQI) exhibited a nonlinear trend, first decreasing and then increasing, with moderate overall levels (0.40\u20130.45). Functional diversity analyses indicated functional convergence rather than loss under contamination stress. 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These findings provide mechanistic insights into microbial adaptation in petroleum\u2010contaminated soils and offer theoretical support for bioremediation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.70375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:48:34Z","timestamp":1783644514000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>n<\/i>\n                    \u2010Alkane Gradients Reshape Soil Microbial Networks and Functions at Petroleum Refinery Sites"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6244-5374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youru","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Environment Shandong Normal University  Jinan 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