{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T06:26:27Z","timestamp":1787639187407,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["enviromicro-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environmental Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Reptile microbiotas remain poorly understood despite their importance for host ecology and evolution. This study investigated how diet, climate and evolutionary history shape the gut microbiota of 234 Australian freshwater turtles spanning 10 species, four climatic zones and contrasting trophic strategies. It was found that turtles' microbiotas were dominated by Pseudomonadota, Actinobacteriota and Bacteroidota. Microbial richness and evenness varied significantly among species, diets and climates. Carnivorous turtles exhibited greater bacterial diversity than omnivores, while individuals from oceanic and humid subtropical zones had higher diversity than those from semi\u2010arid and Mediterranean regions. Canonical Correspondence Analysis confirmed diet and climate as significant predictors of community composition, together explaining 2.76% of total variation. Omnivorous turtles were enriched in Bacteroidota, Myxococcota, Cyanobacteriota and Bacillota, whereas climatic effects drove distinct phylum\u2010level signatures across habitats. Host phylogeny showed a weak but significant signal of phylosymbiosis, indicating an evolutionary imprint on microbial structure. Collectively, these findings reveal that turtle microbiotas are shaped by a complex interplay between ecological and evolutionary forces, underscoring the importance of integrating microbial data into conservation strategies for Australia's increasingly threatened freshwater turtles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.70396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T22:55:48Z","timestamp":1786056948000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Genes to Greens: How Diet, Climate and Phylogeny Shape Freshwater Turtle Microbiotas"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0571-1309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T. Franciscus","family":"Scheelings","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science The University of Melbourne  Werribee Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thi Thu Hao","family":"Van","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science RMIT University  Bundoora Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4606-6294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Santoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University  Murdoch Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1663-0010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise M.","family":"Streeting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Rural Science University of New England  Armidale New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher T.","family":"Ormond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water New South Wales Government  Coffs Harbour New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3933-111X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James U.","family":"Van Dyke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Freshwater Ecosystems, Department of Ecological, Plant and Animal Sciences School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University  West Wodonga Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee F.","family":"Skerratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science The University of Melbourne  Werribee Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0776-5861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert J.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science RMIT University  Bundoora Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2014.192"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-025-02557-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13699"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227060"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"81","article-title":"The Mary River Tortoise: A New Genus and Species of Short\u2010Neck Chelid From Queensland, Australia (Testudines: Pleurodira)","volume":"1","author":"Cann J.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chelonian Conservation and Biology"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","first-page":"091.1","article-title":"Myuchelys Georgesi (Cann 1997) \u2013 Bellinger River Turtle. In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Pritchard, P.C.H., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Iverson, J.B., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN\/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group","volume":"5","author":"Cann J.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chelonian Research Monographs"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2025.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WR9830169"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/9780643109773"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13730"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-022-01991-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-2-6"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","first-page":"088.1","article-title":"Myuchelys Bellii (Gray 1844) \u2013 Western Saw\u2010Shelled Turtle, Bell's Turtle. In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Pritchard, P.C.H., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Iverson, J.B., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN\/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group","volume":"5","author":"Fielder D.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chelonian Research Monographs"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-015-0113-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01403"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","unstructured":"Hoffbeck C.2025.\u201cThe Tuatara Microbiome: Environmental Influences and Conservation Implications.\u201dDoctor of Philosophy University of Auckland."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.17153"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2011.33"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxae121"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2025.2463704"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","first-page":"031.1","volume-title":"Chelonian Research Foundation: A Compilation Project of the IUCN\/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group","author":"Kennett R.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12930"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2025.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msac174"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155725"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2023.1286706"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiaa255"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1670\/20-100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1516684112"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13115"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","unstructured":"Meterology Bo. n.d.\u201cClimate Classification Maps.\u201dAccessed October.https:\/\/www.bom.gov.au\/climate\/maps\/averages\/climate\u2010classification\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-017-1325-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01181-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062453"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000546"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","unstructured":"Oksanen J. G.Simpson F.Blanchet et\u00a0al.2025.\u201cvegan: Community Ecology Package.\u201dR package version 2.7\u20130.https:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=vegan."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16394"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14706"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000682.v3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/MF09319"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","first-page":"431","volume-title":"Microbiome and Its Association With Nutrient Metabolism in Farm Animal Nutrition","author":"Rudoy D. V.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-025-02556-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-020-00034-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-024-02452-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00384"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2024.102819"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(98)10132-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.04.088"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2012.05552.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00028-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2018.2448"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2744\/CCB-0906.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3207(01)00097-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/ZOv66n1_IN"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803835-2.00006-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","volume-title":"General Ecology of the Oblong Turtle Chelodina oblonga (Testudines: Chelidae)","author":"Woldering L. A.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02209-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19566"}],"container-title":["Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1462-2920.70396","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1462-2920.70396","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1462-2920.70396","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T05:47:13Z","timestamp":1787636833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1462-2920.70396"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1462-2920.70396"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1462-2920.70396","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1462-2912","1462-2920"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1462-2912","type":"print"},{"value":"1462-2920","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70396"}}