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Here, we systematically elucidated the SeCys\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    oxidation mechanism of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Comamonas testosteroni<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    JL40 and its role in promoting rice Se biofortification. Strain JL40 employed a novel two\u2010step oxidative pathway, converting SeCys\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    sequentially to Se nanoparticles (SeNPs) and then to selenite (Se(IV)). SeoA\u2010D were identified to catalyse Se oxidation by integrated proteomic, genetic and enzymatic analyses. Of these, SeoA and SeoB catalysed the complete two\u2010step oxidation; SeoD exclusively mediates the first step of SeCys\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    to SeNPs, while SeoC drives the second step of Se(0) to Se(IV). This system demonstrates broad host diversity and environment distribution and represents a prevalent mechanism for Se activation in the environment. Acting in concert with sulphur\u2010oxidising metabolic gene clusters, they facilitated Se\u2013S cross\u2010metabolism, assembling into Se\u2010oxidising activity as a previously unrecognised functional trait. Crucially, strain JL40 stably colonised the rice rhizosphere, where it enhanced soil Se bioavailability by 150%, increased grain Se content by 87.5%, and concurrently improved plant physiological traits and reshaped rhizosphere microbial networks. This work reveals a key Se\u2010cycle pathway and directly enables sustainable biofortification, bridging microbial ecology and crop nutrition.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.70417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:26:51Z","timestamp":1789536411000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Two\u2010Step\n                    <scp>SeCys<\/scp>\n                    Oxidation Pathway Bridging Soil Selenium Bioavailability and Rice Selenium Biofortification"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7343-2566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiong","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University  Wuhan People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University  Wuhan People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University  Wuhan People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaoyun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University  Wuhan People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5088-981X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University  Wuhan People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongqiang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering Guizhou University  Guiyang People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7003-3786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingshun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University  Wuhan People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6149-6941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shixue","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University  Wuhan People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142393"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2023.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"BS PD ISO\/TS 22939\u20102019\u2014TC.2020.\u201cSoil Quality. 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