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However, most previous research has focused on abrupt CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    enrichment, which does not reflect the gradual increase in atmospheric CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    under future climate change scenarios. Consequently, the effects of progressive versus abrupt CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    enrichment on ammonia oxidizers remain underexplored. Three CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    treatments were established using an automated CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    regulation system: ambient CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (CK), progressive CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    increase (PI; +40\u2009ppm\u2009yr.\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    to +200\u2009ppm), and abrupt CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    increase (AI; +200\u2009ppm). Compared with CK, PI increased nitrification potential by 22.28%, whereas AI showed no significant effect. The abundance of ammonia\u2010oxidizing archaea (AOA) remained unchanged across CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    enrichment treatments. However, PI significantly elevated the abundances of ammonia\u2010oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and complete ammonia oxidizers (Comammox) by 41.26% and 208.64%, respectively. The CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    enrichment treatments significantly altered the community structure of AOB but had no significant effects on those of AOA or Comammox. Soil dissolved organic carbon and NH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2010N were the key factors influencing ammonia\u2010oxidizer communities and nitrification potential. Overall, PI exerted stronger stimulatory effects than AI. Additionally, nitrification potential was more closely associated with AOB abundance and community structure than with those of AOA or Comammox.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.70424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T06:57:36Z","timestamp":1789541856000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gradual\n                    <scp>\n                      CO\n                      <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    Increase More Strongly Boosts Nitrification and Ammonia Oxidizers in Paddy Soils Than Abrupt Increase"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Bingjie","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Climate System Prediction and Risk Management, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology  Nanjing China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial 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