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Here, we investigated the responses of bacteria, fungi and protists inhabiting tree phyllosphere and rhizosphere to tree mycorrhizal types (AM vs. EM) and planting patterns (single or double tree species planting with the same or different mycorrhizal type) in two seasons. Both leaf\u2010 and root\u2010associated fungal richness and community composition were strongly structured by tree mycorrhizal type, whereas the bacterial community was primarily influenced by leaf habit. Protistan communities, however, exhibited weak host specificity and were dominated by stochastic processes, with seasonal variation acting as the main influencing factor. Overall, the phyllosphere microbiomes were jointly shaped by leaf traits and seasonal effects, but rhizosphere fungal communities were directly and indirectly regulated by tree mycorrhizal type via root nutrient and colonisation statuses. Altogether, tree phyllosphere and rhizosphere microbiomes differ from the interaction of mycorrhizal symbiosis, planting pattern and seasonality, with distinct ecological processes manipulating across bacteria, fungi and protists. This study highlights the necessity of integrating tree mycorrhizal types and above\u2010 and belowground habitats perspectives to better understand forest microbiomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.70425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T03:15:40Z","timestamp":1789614940000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differential Responses of Tree Phyllosphere and Rhizosphere Microbiomes to Mycorrhizal Types and Planting Patterns in a Young Subtropical Forest Plantation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8632-1061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco\u2010Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education Fujian Normal University  Fuzhou China"},{"name":"College of Computer Science and Engineering Chongqing University of Technology  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7728-1196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiamian","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco\u2010Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education Fujian Normal University  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1822-2176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juntao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University  Penrith New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3031-6905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengsheng","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco\u2010Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education Fujian Normal University  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0305-5766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongxin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco\u2010Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education Fujian Normal University  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5239-9824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco\u2010Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education Fujian Normal University  Fuzhou China"},{"name":"Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station Fujian Normal University  Sanming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.15392"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11557-006-0505-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adf2027"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1710455114"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3897\/imafungus.17.173358"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12324"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"109","article-title":"Forest Microbiome: Diversity, Complexity, and Dynamics","volume":"41","author":"Baldrian P.","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiology Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00876-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2021.108140"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12525"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aai8212"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00148"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000080107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01042-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-017-4043-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedobi.2026.151120"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.14030"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/01-6006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq461"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edgar R. 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