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In this study, we examined bacteriophages T4 and X174 across copper, stainless steel, and polypropylene plastic surfaces at 4\u00b0C and 37\u00b0C to assess how these variables influence survival and growth. Both phages exhibited marked differences in survival across surfaces: Copper at 37\u00b0C caused rapid inactivation and cooler conditions promoted persistence. Growth varied independently of survival, indicating that viral stability and growth are partially decoupled traits shaped by environmental context. Linear modelling and correlation analyses confirmed significant, non\u2010additive interactions between surface type and temperature. These findings suggest that abiotic factors can act synergistically to determine viral fitness outside the host. More broadly, they refine our understanding of the mechanisms that govern the environmental ecology of viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.70426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T02:00:11Z","timestamp":1790042411000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Surface Composition and Temperature Interact to Shape Viral Survival and Growth"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9109-3529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ketty","family":"Kabengele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University, New Haven  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1170-8250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anmol","family":"Seth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Data Science Yale University  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University, New Haven  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1581-8345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. 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