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To counteract this, we investigated the synergistic effect of alginic acid (AA, a structural polysaccharide) and betaine (BET, a compatible solute) in sequencing\u2010batch reactors (SBRs) at 8\u00b0C\u201316\u00b0C The combined AA\u2009+\u2009BET amendment elicited a rapid, pronounced response, doubling attached biofilm biomass compared to the control, a significantly greater enhancement than with single amendments. This suggests a synergistic effect in which BET mitigates osmotic stress, thereby improving microbial capacity to utilise AA for structural development. Microbial community analysis revealed that the combined addition of AA and BET reshaped the microbial community, enabling the consortium to acquire a high capacity for EPS production, which conferred cold tolerance, while simultaneously suppressing the growth of filamentous Acidovorax. Principal component analysis (PCA) segregated the AA\u2009+\u2009BET community, and increased diversity indices indicated greater functional richness. The control group contained 11.43% of microbial taxa that were distinct from those in the experimental group; these taxa, likely lacking targeted regulation, exhibited a lower contribution to the activated sludge process (ASP) system. This dual\u2010stress\u2010alleviation strategy effectively orchestrates a resilient, EPS\u2010rich biofilm with a psychrotolerant core microbiome, offering a practical approach to maintaining robust activated\u2010sludge performance during cold weather However, further pilot\u2010scale validation and techno\u2010economic assessment are needed before practical implementation in full\u2010scale wastewater treatment systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.70428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:52:26Z","timestamp":1791978746000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Alginate and Glycine Betaine Enhance Biofilm Formation in Psychrophilic Activated Sludge 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