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Greater exposure to father absence was strongly associated with elevated risk for early sexual activity and adolescent pregnancy. This elevated risk was either not explained (in the U.S. study) or only partly explained (in the New Zealand study) by familial, ecological, and personal disadvantages associated with father absence. After controlling for covariates, there was stronger and more consistent evidence of effects of father absence on early sexual activity and teenage pregnancy than on other behavioral or mental health problems or academic achievement. Effects of father absence are discussed in terms of life-course adversity, evolutionary psychology, social learning, and behavior genetic models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,16]],"date-time":"2003-05-16T10:22:14Z","timestamp":1053080534000},"page":"801-821","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":341,"title":["Does Father Absence Place Daughters at Special Risk for Early Sexual Activity and Teenage Pregnancy?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Bruce J","family":"Ellis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Canterbury"}]},{"given":"John E","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University"}]},{"given":"Kenneth A","family":"Dodge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University"}]},{"given":"David M","family":"Fergusson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christchurch School of Medicine"}]},{"given":"L John","family":"Horwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christchurch School of Medicine"}]},{"given":"Gregory S","family":"Pettit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auburn University"}]},{"given":"Lianne","family":"Woodward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Canterbury"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010917023327000_cit1","volume-title":"Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL 14-18, YSR, and TRF profiles","author":"Achenbach","year":"1991"},{"key":"2026010917023327000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.2307\/353723","article-title":"Explaining the intergenerational transmission of divorce","volume":"58","author":"Amato","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Marriage and the Family"},{"key":"2026010917023327000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674020191","volume-title":"A generation at risk: Growing up in an era of family upheaval","author":"Amato","year":"1997"},{"key":"2026010917023327000_cit4","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1987","edition":"3rd ed., Rev."},{"key":"2026010917023327000_cit5","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","edition":"4th ed"},{"key":"2026010917023327000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400007446","article-title":"Adult mental health and social outcomes of adolescent girls with depression and conduct disorder","volume":"8","author":"Bardone","year":"1996","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"2026010917023327000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.34.5.982","article-title":"The interaction of temperamental resistance to control and restrictive parenting in the development of externa-lizing behavior","volume":"34","author":"Bates","year":"1998","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"2026010917023327000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.2307\/1131166","article-title":"Childhood experience, interpersonal development, and reproductive strategy: An evolutionary theory of socialization","volume":"62","author":"Belsky","year":"1991","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026010917023327000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2307\/2061896","article-title":"The influence of nonmarital childbearing on the formation of first marriages","volume":"32","author":"Bennett","year":"1995","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"2026010917023327000_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02733397","article-title":"Evolutionary pathways of child development: Lifestyles of adolescents and adults from father-absent families","volume":"7","author":"Bereczkei","year":"1996","journal-title":"Human Nature"},{"key":"2026010917023327000_cit11","first-page":"376","volume-title":"Sociobiological perspectives on human development","author":"Blain","year":"1988"},{"key":"2026010917023327000_cit12","first-page":"417","article-title":"Home observation for measurement of the environment: A validation study of screen efficiency","volume":"81","author":"Bradley","year":"1977","journal-title":"American Journal of Mental Deficiency"},{"key":"2026010917023327000_cit13","first-page":"357","volume-title":"Handbook of child psychology, Vol. 1: History, theory, and methods","author":"Bronfenbrenner","year":"1983"},{"key":"2026010917023327000_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19991015)18:19<2655::AID-SIM202>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Tutorial in biostatistics. 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