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They map navigation in a two\u2010dimensional circle, by the first tool, or in two two\u2010dimensional squares, by the second tool, to the high\u2010dimensional parameter space of facial expressions, by using a small number of predefined reference expressions. They can be used as exploration tools by researchers, or as control devices by end\u2010users to put expressions on the face of embodied agents or avatars in applications like games, telepresence and education.<\/jats:italic> <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8659.t01-1-00645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,22]],"date-time":"2004-12-22T00:46:27Z","timestamp":1103676387000},"page":"49-53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Emotion Disc and Emotion Squares: Tools to Explore the Facial Expression Space"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Zs\u00f3fia","family":"Ruttkay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Noot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Ten Hagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","author":"Parke F.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Computer Facial Animation"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","author":"Ekman P.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Facial action coding system"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","unstructured":"ISO\/IEC 14496\u20132 Final Draft International Standard 1998 ISO Information Technology \u2014 Generic coding of audio\u2010visual objects \u2014 Part 2: visual"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","first-page":"143","article-title":"The argument and evidence about universals in facial expressions of emotion","author":"Ekman P.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Handbook of Social Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","first-page":"215","article-title":"Multimodal animation system based on the MPEG\u20104 standard","author":"Kshirsagar S.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. of Multimedia Modeling '99"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","unstructured":"KPerlin.Responsive Face.http:\/\/mrl.nyu.edu\/~perlin\/facedemo\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","article-title":"Principal components of expressive speech animation","author":"Kshirsagar S.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. of CG International"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0055778"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/237170.237260"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","author":"Van Veen H.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Report on the MCCW (Mediated Communication in Collaborative Work) Project"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","article-title":"Avatars in VRML worlds with expressions","author":"Eliens A.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. of Face2Face Symposium"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","author":"Noot H.","year":"2000","journal-title":"CharToon 2.0 Manual"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H.Yamada C.WatariandT.Suenaga.Dimensions of visual information for categorizing facial expressions of emotion.35(4):172\u2013181 1993.","DOI":"10.4992\/psycholres1954.35.172"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","article-title":"Exploring the space of emotional faces of subjects without acting experience","author":"Hendrix J.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Report INS-R0013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_2","article-title":"Face to InterFace: Facial Affect in (Hu)man and Machine","author":"Schiano D. 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