{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T17:20:20Z","timestamp":1761931220145,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,7]],"date-time":"2003-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1057536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":36,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Graphics Forum"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>This paper presents new methods for efficient modeling and animation of an hierarchical facial model that conforms to the human face anatomy for realistic and fast 3D facial expression synthesis. The facial model has a skin\u2013muscle\u2013skull structure. The deformable skin model directly simulates the nonlinear visco\u2010elastic behavior of soft tissue and effectively prevents model collapse. The construction of facial muscles is achieved by using an efficient muscle mapping approach. Based on a cylindrical projection of the texture\u2010mapped facial surface and wire\u2010frame skin and skull meshes, this approach ensures different muscles to be located at the anatomically correct positions between the skin and skull layers. For computational efficiency, we devise an adaptive simulation algorithm which uses either a semi\u2010implicit integration scheme or a quasi\u2010static solver to compute the relaxation by traversing the designed data structures in a breadth\u2010first order. The algorithm runs in real\u2010time and has successfully synthesized realistic facial expressions.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>ACM CSS:<\/jats:bold>I.3.5 Computer Graphics: Computational Geometry and Object Modelling\u2014<jats:italic>physically based modelling;<\/jats:italic>I.3.7 Computer Graphics: Three\u2010Dimensional Graphics and Realism\u2014<jats:italic>animation<\/jats:italic>;<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8659.t01-1-00657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,7]],"date-time":"2003-07-07T16:18:45Z","timestamp":1057594725000},"page":"159-169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Efficient Modeling of An Anatomy\u2010Based Face and Fast 3D Facial Expression Synthesis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edmond C.","family":"Prakash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. 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