{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:12:02Z","timestamp":1792599122320,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]],"date-time":"2021-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sociology Health &amp;amp; Illness"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper is a narrative review of the use of collective terminology in relation to race and health in Britain, with particular reference to the \u2018Black African\u2019 community. \u2018Black Africans\u2019 have been categorised in the 1991\u20132011 censuses with added free\u2010text in 2021 in response to user demand. However, the UK government is increasingly reporting data for the \u2018Black\u2019 pan\u2010ethnicity, especially in the even more generalised \u2018BAME\u2019 (\u2018Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic\u2019) acronym in COVID\u201019 pandemic reports. The consequences of this practice are addressed. Firstly, with respect to ethical challenges, Black Africans find their conscription by government into the term BAME offensive and do not accept it as a self\u2010descriptor. This labelling, which subsumes Black Africans\u2019 self\u2010assigned ethnicity in the census, and consequent misrecognition may be interpreted as a micro\u2010aggression (a term coined in the 1970s but used here to denote microinvalidation), as suggested in the current black activism of the \u2018Black Lives Matter movement\u2019. Secondly, ONS has warned that concealed heterogeneity renders the pan\u2010ethnicities unreliably crude, making them scientifically inaccurate. Analysts are recommended to present ethnic group data for the full census classification where possible for reasons of validity and respect for the patient as arbiter of their ethnic group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.13317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]],"date-time":"2021-06-19T08:04:45Z","timestamp":1624089885000},"page":"1789-1800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["\u2018Black African\u2019 identification and the COVID\u201019 pandemic in Britain: A site for sociological, ethical and policy debate"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8209-579X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter J.","family":"Aspinall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Services Studies University of Kent  Canterbury UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15922.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"BMJ. 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