{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T22:49:19Z","timestamp":1769122159439,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766275200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sociology Health &amp;amp; Illness"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Disease control measures during the COVID\u201019 pandemic may have intensified loneliness among older adults, though experiences varied based on individual vulnerabilities and resources. This study examines loneliness trajectories among older adults using the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, spanning four waves: two pre\u2010pandemic (Wave 8: 2016\u20132017; Wave 9: 2018\u20132019) and two COVID\u201019 substudies (June\u2013July and November\u2013December 2020). The sample included 4492 respondents (17,968 observations). Latent class growth analysis identified four loneliness trajectories: \u2018not lonely\u2019 (73.5%), \u2018pandemic loneliness\u2019 (12.7%), \u2018transitioned out of loneliness\u2019 (6.9%) and \u2018enduring loneliness\u2019 (6.8%). Multinomial regression analysis explored predictors of trajectory membership. Younger age (50\u201374), being female, depression, COVID\u2010related worries and disrupted daily routines increased the likelihood of belonging to \u2018pandemic loneliness\u2019 rather than \u2018not lonely\u2019. Optimism and strong partner support increased the likelihood of remaining \u2018not lonely\u2019 or transitioning out of loneliness. The pandemic's unintended effects, including routine disruptions and financial concerns, heightened loneliness risks, whereas psychosocial resources provided critical resilience. To prepare for future public health crises, policies should strengthen mental health support, promote social and economic stability and enhance social connection and resilience. Addressing psychosocial factors is essential to reducing loneliness and protecting older adults' well\u2010being during and beyond periods of crisis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.70138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T17:35:23Z","timestamp":1766338523000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transitions in and out of Loneliness During the COVID\u201019 Pandemic: A Latent Class Analysis of Older Adults in England"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3818-9999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengxing","family":"Joshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Sustainable Development University of St Andrews  St Andrews UK"},{"name":"International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis  Vienna Austria"},{"name":"Vienna University of Economics and Business  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Goujon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"Addario G.andM.Wood2022.Lessons From the Field in the ELSA COVID\u201019 Substudy: Sample Integrity and Survey Nonresponse in a Mixed\u2010Mode Design."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mhp.2020.200186"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnaa144"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","volume-title":"English Longitudinal Study of Ageing: Waves 0\u20109, 1998\u20102019","author":"Banks J.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","volume-title":"Loneliness and Social Connectedness: Insights from a New EU\u2010wide Survey","author":"Berlingieri F.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","volume-title":"Worrying: Perspectives on Theory, Assessment and Treatment","author":"Borkovec T.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113521"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00420980211041018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003\u2010066x.54.3.165"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","unstructured":"Chatzi G. andJ.Nazroo.2021. \u201cDifferences in Subjective and Objective Social Isolation and Subjective Loneliness Before and During the COVID\u201019 Pandemic. the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing COVID\u201019 Rapid Reports: Wave 2 Reports (November\u2010December 2020 Data Collection).\u201dEnglish Longitudinal Study of Ageing Rapid Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2021.1875195"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2013.856863"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2021.1876638"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbn043"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.03.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy167"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/07334648231159373"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4495"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0001005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010020\u20108251\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnaa170"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027504268574"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369183x.2025.2505707"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0144686x24000205"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16030406"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa084"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2308697121"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471264385.wei0226"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127\u2010016\u20101279\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113267"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnab033"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igad126"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/ag.78.3.b"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics2018.Measuring Loneliness: Guidance for Use of the National Indicators on Surveys."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113514"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbab068"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","volume-title":"Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research and Therapy","author":"Peplau L. A.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2015.1023767"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","article-title":"Risk Factors for Loneliness in Adulthood and Old Age\u2010\u2010A Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Pinquart M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Advances in psychology research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","volume-title":"Are Some Ethnic Groups More Vulnerable to COVID\u201019 than Others?","author":"Platt L.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010025\u201089947\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.13746"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2701"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology","author":"Snyder C. R.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1219686110"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckaa238"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.21753"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/jrsm.2012.120128"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa111"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpq025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","volume-title":"The Social World of Older People: Understanding Loneliness and Social Isolation in Later Life","author":"Victor C.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010020\u201008703\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.155333"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.3749"}],"container-title":["Sociology of Health &amp; Illness"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1467-9566.70138","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1467-9566.70138","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1467-9566.70138","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T05:52:37Z","timestamp":1769061157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1467-9566.70138"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1467-9566.70138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-9566.70138","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0141-9889","1467-9566"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0141-9889","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-9566","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70138"}}