{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T10:42:36Z","timestamp":1782816156631,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,8]],"date-time":"2015-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health Investigator Award"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Milbank Quarterly"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p><jats:boxed-text content-type=\"box\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:caption><jats:title>Policy Points:<\/jats:title><\/jats:caption><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The steady increase in incarceration is related to the quality and functioning of the health care system. US states that incarcerate a larger number of people show declines in overall access to and quality of care, rooted in high levels of uninsurance and relatively poor health of former inmates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Providing health care to former inmates would ease the difficulties of inmates and their families. It might also prevent broader adverse spillovers to the health care system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The health care system and the criminal justice system are related in real but underappreciated ways.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Context<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study examines the spillover effects of growth in state\u2010level incarceration rates on the functioning and quality of the US health care system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our multilevel approach first explored cross\u2010sectional individual\u2010level data on health care behavior merged to aggregate state\u2010level data regarding incarceration. We then conducted an entirely aggregate\u2010level analysis to address between\u2010state heterogeneity and trends over time in health care access and utilization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that individuals residing in states with a larger number of former prison inmates have diminished access to care, less access to specialists, less trust in physicians, and less satisfaction with the care they receive. These spillover effects are deep in that they affect even those least likely to be personally affected by incarceration, including the insured, those over 50, women, non\u2010Hispanic whites, and those with incomes far exceeding the federal poverty threshold. These patterns likely reflect the burden of uncompensated care among former inmates, who have both a greater than average need for care and higher than average levels of uninsurance. State\u2010level analyses solidify these claims. Increases in the number of former inmates are associated simultaneously with increases in the percentage of uninsured within a state and increases in emergency room use per capita, both net of controls for between\u2010state heterogeneity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our analyses establish an intersection between systems of care and corrections, linked by inadequate financial and administrative mechanisms for delivering services to former inmates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.12136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,9]],"date-time":"2015-09-09T05:37:30Z","timestamp":1441777050000},"page":"516-560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["The Institutional Effects of Incarceration: Spillovers From Criminal Justice to Health 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