{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T23:20:32Z","timestamp":1793402432056,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":209,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]],"date-time":"2020-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32DA007292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32DA007292"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA039073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA039073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01\u2010DA042139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01\u2010DA042139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Milbank Quarterly"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p><jats:boxed-text content-type=\"box\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:caption><jats:title>Policy Points<\/jats:title><\/jats:caption><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>This article reconceptualizes our understanding of the opioid epidemic and proposes six strategies that address the epidemic's social roots.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>In order to successfully reduce drug\u2010related mortality over the long term, policymakers and public health leaders should develop partnerships with people who use drugs, incorporate harm reduction interventions, and reverse decades of drug criminalization policies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Context<\/jats:title><jats:p>Drug overdose is the leading cause of injury\u2010related death in the United States. Synthetic opioids, predominantly illicit fentanyl and its analogs, surpassed prescription opioids and heroin in associated mortality rates in 2016. Unfortunately, interventions fail to fully address the current wave of the opioid epidemic and often omit the voices of people with lived experiences regarding drug use. Every overdose death is a culmination of a long series of policy failures and lost opportunities for harm reduction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this article, we conducted a scoping review of the opioid literature to propose a novel framework designed to foreground social determinants more directly into our understanding of this national emergency. The \u201ccontinuum of overdose risk\u201d framework is our synthesis of the global evidence base and is grounded in contemporary theories, models, and policies that have been successfully applied both domestically and internationally.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>De\u2010escalating overdose risk in the long term will require scaling up innovative and comprehensive solutions that have been designed through partnerships with people who use drugs and are rooted in harm reduction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Without recognizing the full drug\u2010use continuum and the role of social determinants, the current responses to drug overdose will continue to aggravate the problem they are trying to solve.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.12470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T05:13:10Z","timestamp":1598591590000},"page":"700-746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":154,"title":["Situating the Continuum of Overdose Risk in the Social Determinants of Health: A New Conceptual Framework"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"JU NYEONG","family":"PARK","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SABA","family":"ROUHANI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LEO","family":"BELETSKY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Law and Bouv\u00e9 College of Health Sciences Northeastern University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LOUISE","family":"VINCENT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Survivors Union"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"BRENDAN","family":"SALONER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SUSAN G.","family":"SHERMAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"CDC WONDER.Overdose death rates.2018.https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/related-topics\/trends-statistics\/overdose-death-rates. 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