{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T18:42:53Z","timestamp":1776883373297,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Milbank Quarterly"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"box\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:caption><jats:title>Policy Points<\/jats:title><\/jats:caption><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>A large population of incarcerated people may be eligible for prerelease and transition services under the new Medicaid Reentry Section 1115 Demonstration Opportunity. We estimated the largest relative population increases in Medicaid coverage from the opportunity may be expected in smaller and more rural states.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We found that mental illness, hepatitis C, and chronic kidney disease prevalence rates were sufficiently high among incarcerated populations to likely skew overall Medicaid population prevalence of these diseases when prerelease and transition services are expanded, implying the need for planning of additional data exchange and service delivery infrastructure by state Medicaid plans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:boxed-text><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Context<\/jats:title><jats:p>As states expand prerelease and transition services for incarcerated individuals under the Medicaid Reentry Section 1115 Demonstration Opportunity, we sought to systematically inform Medicaid state and plan administrators regarding the population size and burden of disease data available on incarcerated populations in both jails and prisons in the United States.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analyzed data on eligibility criteria for new Medicaid prerelease and transition services based on incarceration length and health conditions across states. We estimated the potentially eligible populations in prisons and jails, considering various incarceration lengths and health status requirements. We also compared disease prevalence in the incarcerated population with that of the existing civilian Medicaid population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that rural and smaller states would experience a disproportionately large proportion of their Medicaid populations to be eligible for prerelease and transition services if new Medicaid eligibility rules were broadly applied. Self\u2010reported psychological distress was notably higher among incarcerated individuals compared with those currently on Medicaid. The prevalence rates of previously diagnosed chronic hepatitis C and kidney disease were also much higher in the incarcerated population than the existing civilian Medicaid population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We estimated large volumes of potentially Medicaid\u2010eligible entrants as coverage policy changes take effect over the coming years, particularly impacting smaller and more rural states. Our findings reveal very high disease prevalence rates among the incarcerated population subject to new Medicaid coverage, including specific chronic, infectious, and behavioral health conditions that state Medicaid programs, health plans, and providers may benefit from advanced planning to address.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.12719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T14:39:04Z","timestamp":1728571144000},"page":"896-912","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Population Health Implications of Medicaid Prerelease and Transition Services for Incarcerated Populations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"ELIZABETH T.","family":"CHIN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"YIRAN E.","family":"LIU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. BRANDON","family":"OGBUNU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0599-6332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"SANJAY","family":"BASU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Product Development Waymark Care"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"HaldarS GuthM.Section 1115 Waiver watch: how California will expand Medicaid pre\u2010release services for incarcerated populations.KFF. February 7 2023. Accessed March 11 2024.https:\/\/www.kff.org\/policy\u2010watch\/section\u20101115\u2010waiver\u2010watch\u2010how\u2010california\u2010will\u2010expand\u2010medicaid\u2010pre\u2010release\u2010services\u2010for\u2010incarcerated\u2010populations\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"GorensteinD LeviR.States are turning to Medicaid to help people leaving incarceration.WFYI Indianapolis. February 27 2023. Accessed March 11 2024.https:\/\/www.wfyi.org\/news\/articles\/states\u2010are\u2010turning\u2010to\u2010medicaid\u2010to\u2010help\u2010people\u2010leaving\u2010incarceration"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.HHS approves California's Medicaid and Children's Health Insurance Plan (CHIP) demonstration authority to support care for justice\u2010involved people.Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. January 26 2023. Accessed March 11 2024.https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/newsroom\/press\u2010releases\/hhs\u2010approves\u2010californias\u2010medicaid\u2010and\u2010childrens\u2010health\u2010insurance\u2010plan\u2010chip\u2010demonstration\u2010authority"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa064115"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003\u20104819\u2010159\u20109\u2010201311050\u201000005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.4614"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","unstructured":"DuweG.The Use and Impact of Correctional Programming for Inmates on Pre\u2010 and Post\u2010Release Outcomes.National Institute of Justice;2017. Accessed March 11 2024.https:\/\/nij.ojp.gov\/library\/publications\/use\u2010and\u2010impact\u2010correctional\u2010programming\u2010inmates\u2010pre\u2010and\u2010post\u2010release\u2010outcomes"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Pre\u2010release\/transition: inmate programs and support upon entry, during incarceration, and after release","volume":"47","author":"Shand RAS","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Correct Educ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen\u20102018\u2010028097"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300894"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","unstructured":"Department of Health Care Services.Justice\u2010Involved Initiative Home.California Department of Health Care Services;2024. Accessed March 11 2024.https:\/\/www.dhcs.ca.gov\/CalAIM\/Justice\u2010Involved\u2010Initiative\/Pages\/home.aspx"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","unstructured":"MuellerD KluckowR MaruschakL SnellT.National Prisoner Statistics (NPS).Bureau of Justice Statistics;2021. Accessed March 11 2024.https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/data\u2010collection\/national\u2010prisoner\u2010statistics\u2010nps\u2010program"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","unstructured":"Census of Jails (COJ).Bureau of Justice Statistics;2021. Accessed March 11 2024.https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/data\u2010collection\/census\u2010jails\u2010coj"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","unstructured":"Jail Data Initiative.New York University Public Safety Lab. September 23 2024. Accessed March 11 2024.https:\/\/jaildatainitiative.org\/documentation\/about"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","unstructured":"BeattyLG SnellTL BuehlerED.Survey of Prison Inmates (SPI).Bureau of Justice Statistics;2017. Accessed March 11 2024.https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/data\u2010collection\/survey\u2010prison\u2010inmates\u2010spi"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics.NHANES Questionnaires Datasets and Related Documentation.US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;2022. Accessed December 14 2022.https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/continuousnhanes\/default.aspx?BeginYear=2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","unstructured":"2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) Report.Drug Free America Foundation;2023. Accessed March 11 2024.https:\/\/www.dfaf.org\/new\u2010release\u20102021\u2010national\u2010survey\u2010on\u2010drug\u2010use\u2010and\u2010health\u2010nsduh\u2010report\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","unstructured":"Medicaid Budget and Expenditure System (MBES).Medicaid;2020. Accessed March 11 2024.https:\/\/www.medicaid.gov\/medicaid\/data\u2010systems\/macbis\/macbis\u2010financial\/medicaid\u2010budget\u2010and\u2010expenditure\u2010system\u2010mbes\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","unstructured":"CarsonEA KluckowR.Correctional Populations in the United States 2021 \u2013 Statistical Tables.Bureau of Justice Statistics;2023. Accessed March 11 2024.https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/library\/publications\/correctional\u2010populations\u2010united\u2010states\u20102021\u2010statistical\u2010tables"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","unstructured":"Opportunities to test transition\u2010related strategies to support community reentry and improve care transitions for individuals who are incarcerated.Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. April 17 2023. Accessed August 1 2024.https:\/\/www.medicaid.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2023\u201012\/smd23003.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","unstructured":"Punishment beyond prisons: incarceration and supervision by state appendix.Prison Policy Initiative.2024. Accessed March 11 2024.https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/reports\/correctionalcontrol2023_data_appendix.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","unstructured":"Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).2021 NSDUH Annual National Report.Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration;2022.https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/report\/2021\u2010nsduh\u2010annual\u2010national\u2010report"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","unstructured":"Medicaid waiver tracker: approved and pending Section 1115 waivers by state.KFF. September 10 2024. Accessed March 11 2024.https:\/\/www.kff.org\/medicaid\/issue\u2010brief\/medicaid\u2010waiver\u2010tracker\u2010approved\u2010and\u2010pending\u2010section\u20101115\u2010waivers\u2010by\u2010state\/"}],"container-title":["The Milbank Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1468-0009.12719","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T18:21:26Z","timestamp":1734546086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1468-0009.12719"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1468-0009.12719"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1468-0009.12719","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0887-378X","1468-0009"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0887-378X","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-0009","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-03-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}