{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:55:21Z","timestamp":1791262521673,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Milbank Quarterly"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"box\" position=\"anchor\">\n                        <jats:caption>\n                          <jats:title>Policy Points<\/jats:title>\n                        <\/jats:caption>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                            <jats:list-item>\n                              <jats:p>For half a century, firearm\u2010related deaths and injuries have been endemic in the United States, with COVID\u201019 contributing to a record high of 48,830 deaths in 2021, an epidemic rate increase. By 2023, national trends masked a significant 10\u2010fold difference in firearm\u2010related death rates among states. Over decades, some states have experienced large, sustained reductions in firearm\u2010related death rates, while others have experienced increases.<\/jats:p>\n                            <\/jats:list-item>\n                            <jats:list-item>\n                              <jats:p>Firearms are a consumer product that fit the definition of a market\u2010driven epidemic (MDE), with the firearms industry having successfully marketed gun ownership through strategies that include fear, predatory tactics, and emphasis on lethality; stalling public health research for decades; and employing strategies used in other industries to promote potentially harmful products.<\/jats:p>\n                            <\/jats:list-item>\n                            <jats:list-item>\n                              <jats:p>Evidence from classic MDEs, such as tobacco and prescription opioids, demonstrates that large\u2010scale, long\u2010term reductions in harmful use can be achieved through a combination of focused, effective interventions and engaged governments, nongovernmental organizations, academia, media outlets, and, at times, companies themselves.<\/jats:p>\n                            <\/jats:list-item>\n                            <jats:list-item>\n                              <jats:p>The United States has developed a robust array of evidence\u2010based mitigation strategies to reduce firearm\u2010related harm, including gun safety laws, focused hospital and mental health programs, community and environmental programs, and social and economic policies. Applying insights from classic MDEs, building on what has worked, and increased active engagement among stakeholders are needed to reduce preventable firearm harm.<\/jats:p>\n                            <\/jats:list-item>\n                          <\/jats:list>\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The United States has among the highest firearm\u2010related deaths in the world. In 2023, suicides accounted for 58% of firearm\u2010related deaths and 38% of homicides. Firearms have become the leading cause of death among those under age 19. Nonfatal injuries, outnumbering deaths over two\u2010to\u2010one, often lead to lifelong physical and mental health sequelae. The firearms market, valued at around $40 billion per year, is one\u2010tenth the estimated $500 billion cost of the epidemic due to medical costs, work loss, and quality\u2010adjusted life years lost.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peer\u2010reviewed literature, government documents, and media reports were used to analyze the firearms epidemic according to the market\u2010driven epidemics (MDE) definition and framework of five often overlapping phases: (1) market development; (2) evidence of harm; (3) corporate resistance; (4) mitigation; and (5) market adaptation. The MDE framework emerged from the analysis of efforts that reduced cigarette, sugar, and prescription opioid use. The central question for mitigating the firearm MDE is: What combination of interventions and actors will achieve large\u2010scale, long\u2010term reductions in firearm\u2010related deaths and other harm?<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The epidemic of firearm harm fits the MDE definition and is progressing through the five stages of an MDE. Phase 1. Firearms marketing accelerated rapidly when the focus shifted from marksmanship, sportsmanship, and hunting to themes of self\u2010defense, home protection, patriotism, and masculinity. Phase 2. Evidence of harm at the population level has linked firearm ownership or possession to significant increases in suicide deaths, homicide, femicide, and gun\u2010related injuries. Phase 3. Firearms industry resistance has used \u201ccorporate playbook\u201d strategies to downplay the evidence of preventable harm, discredit public health, and influence the passage of favorable legislation. Phase 4. Decades of action by government, academia, and civil society have produced an array of mitigation interventions shown to reduce firearm\u2010related suicides, homicides, and other harm. Jurisdictions that have implemented these measures have been able to achieve significant, sustained decreases in firearm\u2010related deaths, while some high\u2010burden areas that have declined to implement such measures and have enacted permission policies have experienced notable increases in firearm\u2010related deaths. Phase 5. The firearms market has evolved through consumer demand for \u201cnon\u2010lethal\u201d alternatives (i.e., TASERs, rubber bullets) and through company expansion of overseas sales and pursuit of new technologies (i.e., \u201csmart guns,\u201d magazine safeties).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High rates of firearm\u2010related deaths and injuries are not inevitable. By treating the firearm harm epidemic as the market\u2010driven problem it is, drawing on insights from other MDEs strategies, substantial reductions in violence may be achievable across the United States. States and cities have significantly reduced gun violence without infringing Second Amendment rights. The greatest unmet challenge now is generating increased engagement in gun safety among states and communities still experiencing high levels of preventable firearm deaths and related harms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.70100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T13:59:53Z","timestamp":1781704793000},"page":"607-634","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Firearms as a Market\u2010Driven Epidemic: Potential Pathways to Reduce Preventable Firearm\u2010Related Harm in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"ESZTER","family":"RIM\u00c1NYI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Karolinska Institutet"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8529-3628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"JONATHAN D.","family":"QUICK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute Duke University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"STEPHEN W.","family":"HARGARTEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CHARLES C.","family":"BRANAS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SANDRO","family":"GALEA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Washington University in St Louis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"NASON","family":"MAANI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Policy Unit School of Social and Political Science University of Edinburgh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JONATHAN","family":"LOWY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Action on Gun Violence"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ZAIN","family":"HUSSAIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Medical School University of Edinburgh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"NICHOLAS","family":"HOFFMANN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trinity College of Arts and Sciences Duke University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Gun Violence: The Impact on Society","author":"National Institute for Health Care Management Foundation","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992\u2010021\u201000771\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"Gun Deaths Outpace Motor Vehicle Deaths in 35 States and the District of Columbia in 2022","author":"Langley M","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2200169"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2022.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP\u2010D\u201020\u201000628"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"Leach\u2010KemonK SirullR GlennS.On gun violence the United States is an outlier.Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. October 31 2023. Accessed April 2 2025.https:\/\/www.healthdata.org\/news\u2010events\/insights\u2010blog\/acting\u2010data\/gun\u2010violence\u2010united\u2010states\u2010outlier"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"Gun Deaths Rates by State Ranked Highest to Lowest 2023.Johns Hopkins University Center for Gun Violence Solutions. Accessed May 27 2026 2025.https:\/\/publichealth.jhu.edu\/center\u2010for\u2010gun\u2010violence\u2010solutions"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"SuplinaN.New data same conclusion: smart gun laws save lives.Everytown Research & Policy. January 4 2024. Accessed January 26 2025.https:\/\/everytownresearch.org\/new\u2010data\u2010same\u2010conclusion\u2010smart\u2010gun\u2010laws\u2010save\u2010lives"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"Changes in state firearm mortality.RAND. Accessed March 6 2025.https:\/\/www.rand.org\/research\/gun\u2010policy\/longitudinal\u2010firearm\u2010mortality.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","unstructured":"CDC WONDER: Wide\u2010ranging ONline Data for Epidemiologic Research.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. Accessed December 12 2024.https:\/\/wonder.cdc.gov\/controller\/datarequest\/D157"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2201761"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2021.3.51925"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"GIFFORDS Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence.Trafficking and straw purchasing. Accessed May 16 2025.https:\/\/giffords.org\/lawcenter\/gun\u2010laws\/policy\u2010areas\/crime\u2010guns\/trafficking\u2010straw\u2010purchasing"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468\u20100009.12621"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","unstructured":"SchumacherS KirzingerA PresiadoM ValdesI BrodieM.Americans\u2019 Experiences With Gun\u2010Related Violence Injuries and Deaths. KFF. April 11 2023. Accessed February 13 2025.https:\/\/www.kff.org\/other\/poll\u2010finding\/americans\u2010experiences\u2010with\u2010gun\u2010related\u2010violence\u2010injuries\u2010and\u2010deaths"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","volume-title":"The U.S. Surgeon General's Advisory on Firearm Violence: A Public Health Crisis in America","author":"U.S. Surgeon General","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","unstructured":"NSSF.Firearm and Ammunition Industry Economic Impact Report 2024.Firearm Industry Trade Association; 2023. Accessed January 25 2025.https:\/\/www.nssf.org\/government\u2010relations\/impact"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2023.09.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","unstructured":"Global Market Impact.Firearms Market Size Share & Global Forecast Report\u20142032.Global Market Insights Inc. Accessed January 25 2025.https:\/\/www.gminsights.com\/industry\u2010analysis\/firearms\u2010market. Accessed 25 Jan 2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003479"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468\u20100009.70012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305788"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(23)00013\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","volume-title":"Reducing the Health Harms of Firearm Injury: A Report of Aspen Health Strategy Group","author":"Weil AR","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","unstructured":"U.S. Surgeon General.The 1964 Report on Smoking and Health\u2014Reports of the Surgeon General: Profiles in Science.National Library of Medicine; 1964. Accessed August 3 2023.https:\/\/profiles.nlm.nih.gov\/spotlight\/nn\/feature\/smoking"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","unstructured":"America: drowning in sugar.Center for Science in the Public Interest. Accessed September 6 2023.https:\/\/www.cspinet.org\/new\/sugar.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"CDC grand rounds: prescription drug overdoses\u2014a U.S. epidemic","volume":"61","author":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2012","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","unstructured":"BrownA GebelhoffR MilbankD SternP.Opinion. Guns are consumer products. They should be regulated as such.Washington Post. January 12 2023. Accessed January 24 2025.https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/2023\/01\/12\/guns\u2010child\u2010deaths\u2010consumer\u2010safety"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","unstructured":"KeaneLG.Opinion. Firearms are the only constitutionally protected consumer product.Washington Post. January 20 2023. Accessed January 24 2025.https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/2023\/01\/20\/firearms\u2010constitutionally\u2010protected\u2010consumer\u2010product"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","unstructured":"ShufroC.A brief history of guns in the U.S.Hopkins Bloomberg Public Health. October 13 2021. Accessed December 3 2024.https:\/\/magazine.publichealth.jhu.edu\/2021\/brief\u2010history\u2010guns\u2010us"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1469540516634415"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599\u2010020\u20100437\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7758\/rsf.2017.3.5.02"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","unstructured":"MasciaJ.How many guns are circulating in the U.S.?The Trace. March 6 2023. Accessed November 19 2024.https:\/\/www.thetrace.org\/2023\/03\/guns\u2010america\u2010data\u2010atf\u2010total"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1602738"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","unstructured":"Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence Firearms Accountability Counsel Taskforce Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence March for Our Lives.The Gun Industry's Advertising: Effective Deadly and Actionable. April 7 2022. Accessed March 11 2025.https:\/\/search.issuelab.org\/resource\/the\u2010gun\u2010industry\u2010s\u2010advertising\u2010effective\u2010deadly\u2010and\u2010actionable.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","unstructured":"McCarthyJ.More than six in 10 Americans say guns make homes safer. Gallup. November 7 2014. Accessed March 11 2025.https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/179213\/six\u2010americans\u2010say\u2010guns\u2010homes\u2010safer.aspx"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","volume-title":"Why Own a Gun? Protection Is Now Top Reason","author":"Dimock M","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00207314221125057"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2022.107346"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","unstructured":"MasciaJ.A Timeline of the NRA's scare tactics during national emergencies.The Trace. March 24 2020. Accessed February 25 2026.https:\/\/www.thetrace.org\/2020\/03\/timeline\u2010nra\u2010scare\u2010tactics\u2010during\u2010national\u2010emergencies"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","unstructured":"Chang FC\u2010K Daniel.Guns marketed for personal safety fuel public health crisis in Black communities.KFF Health News. December 19 2025. Accessed February 25 2026.https:\/\/kffhealthnews.org\/news\/article\/guns\u2010marketing\u2010safety\u2010protection\u2010hunting\u2010diversity\u2010profit\u2010black\u2010minority\u2010communities"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","unstructured":"SmithA.FBI background checks for guns surged 41% in November accelerated by Biden victory.Forbes. December 1 2020. Accessed February 26 2026.https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/aaronsmith\/2020\/12\/01\/fbi\u2010background\u2010checks\u2010for\u2010guns\u2010surged\u201041\u2010in\u2010november\u2010accelerated\u2010by\u2010biden\u2010victory"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","unstructured":"UnTargeting kids from harmful firearm marketing. Sandy Hook Promise. Accessed January 24 2025.https:\/\/www.sandyhookpromise.org\/untargetingkids\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121\u2010024\u201001763\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2007.015487"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","volume-title":"Smart guns: technology that can save lives","author":"Edmund M","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304436"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","unstructured":"Media mention: in 2019 Congress finally funded gun violence research. Here's how it's changed the field. Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention University of Michigan. Accessed March 16 2025.https:\/\/firearminjury.umich.edu\/media\u2010mention\u2010in\u20102019\u2010congress\u2010finally\u2010funded\u2010gun\u2010violence\u2010research\u2010heres\u2010how\u2010its\u2010changed\u2010the\u2010field"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","unstructured":"BrownleeC.Trump has slashed federal funding for gun violence prevention. But how much exactly?The Trace. January 21 2026. Accessed February 25 2026.https:\/\/www.thetrace.org\/2026\/01\/trump\u2010public\u2010safety\u2010gun\u2010violence\u2010funding"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/467988"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1144004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373\u2010199808000\u201000010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199208133270705"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199310073291506"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1916744"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M21\u20103762"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.143099"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AyresI DonohueIIIJJ.Shooting down the more guns less crime hypothesis.National Bureau of Economic Researchworking paper 9336. November 2002. Accessed March 12 2025.http:\/\/doi.org\/10.3386\/w9336","DOI":"10.3386\/w9336"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.7.1089"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.0077"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","unstructured":"ChavisK.The dangerous expansion of stand\u2010your\u2010ground laws and its racial implications. Duke Center for Firearms Law.Second Thoughtsblog. January 18 2022. Accessed March 6 2026.https:\/\/firearmslaw.duke.edu\/2022\/01\/the\u2010dangerous\u2010expansion\u2010of\u2010stand\u2010your\u2010ground\u2010laws\u2010and\u2010its\u2010racial\u2010implications"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M13\u20101301"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214\u2010109X(22)00185\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304450"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","unstructured":"StolbergSG.Effort to renew weapons ban falters on hill.The New York Times. September 9 2004. Accessed March 16 2025.https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2004\/09\/09\/politics\/effort\u2010to\u2010renew\u2010weapons\u2010ban\u2010falters\u2010on\u2010hill.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","unstructured":"Center for American Progress.Frequently asked questions about gun industry immunity. May 4 2021. Accessed March 16 2025.https:\/\/www.americanprogress.org\/article\/frequently\u2010asked\u2010questions\u2010gun\u2010industry\u2010immunity"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","unstructured":"A brief history of firearms law. Violence Policy Center. Accessed March 16 2025.https:\/\/vpc.org\/publications\/cease\u2010fire\u2010a\u2010comprehensive\u2010strategy\u2010to\u2010reduce\u2010firearms\u2010violence\/a\u2010brief\u2010history\u2010of\u2010firearms\u2010law"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","unstructured":"JordanA.Fact sheet. Frequently asked questions about firearm safety for consumers.Center for American Progress. November 10 2021. Accessed March 16 2025.https:\/\/www.americanprogress.org\/article\/frequently\u2010asked\u2010questions\u2010about\u2010firearm\u2010safety\u2010for\u2010consumers"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073110520979406"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","volume-title":"The Influence of External Factors (Lobbyists) Regarding Major Policy Decisions on Gun Rights and How they Affect Public Impressions Regarding Federal Government","author":"Moore JM"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","unstructured":"WeinsteinA.Meet the gun rights absolutists bringing \u201cconstitutional carry\u201d to a state near you.The Trace. February 8 2017. Accessed March 16 2025.https:\/\/www.thetrace.org\/2017\/02\/constitutional\u2010carry\u2010gun\u2010rights\u2010absolutists"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.9.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","unstructured":"National Rifle Association of America.NRA's Wayne LaPierre stands strong for law\u2010abiding citizens. Accessed April 7 2025.https:\/\/home.nra.org\/statements\/nras\u2010wayne\u2010lapierre\u2010stands\u2010strong\u2010for\u2010law\u2010abiding\u2010citizens"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","volume-title":"The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of Gun Policies in the United States","author":"Smart R","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.18076"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.12713"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10879\u2010023\u201009588\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318294f518"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2009.09.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2014.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2021.50"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","unstructured":"Cure Violence Global.The Evidence of Effectiveness.Cure Violence Global;2022.https:\/\/cvg.org\/cure\u2010violence\u2010evidence\u2010summary"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1143516"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010publhealth\u2010031914\u2010122509"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303434"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.22323"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjad031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887\u2010025\u201005677\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.1398"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.110982"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_96_1","unstructured":"KhimmS.America's first biometric \u201csmart gun\u201d is finally here. Will it work? NBC News. March 21 2024. Accessed March 27 2025.https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/news\/us\u2010news\/biofire\u2010smart\u2010gun\u2010biometric\u2010safety\u2010rcna143637"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1602742"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.9.4.307"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_99_1","first-page":"173","volume-title":"Reducing Gun Violence in America: Informing Policy with Evidence and Analysis","author":"Teret SP","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865\u2010019\u201000074\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00332941241256880"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_102_1","unstructured":"SokolowskiD.New tech in gun violence prevention.Forbes. June 20 2024. Accessed March 26 2025.https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/councils\/forbestechcouncil\/2024\/06\/20\/new\u2010tech\u2010in\u2010gun\u2010violence\u2010prevention"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000002483"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524\u2010021\u201000515\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_105_1","unstructured":"JonssonP.Death threats stop gun store from selling \u201csmart\u201d gun. Why?Christian Science Monitor. Updated May 5 2014. Accessed March 3 2026.https:\/\/www.csmonitor.com\/USA\/2014\/0503\/Death\u2010threats\u2010stop\u2010gun\u2010store\u2010from\u2010selling\u2010smart\u2010gun.\u2010Why"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_106_1","unstructured":"JeffriesA.Gun control: the NRA wants to take America's smart guns away. The Verge. May 5 2014. Accessed March 3 2026.https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2014\/5\/5\/5683504\/gun\u2010control\u2010the\u2010nra\u2010wants\u2010to\u2010take\u2010smart\u2010guns\u2010away"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_107_1","unstructured":"Business Research Insights.Smart gun market size growth forecast by 2035. Business Research Insights. p. 98. Accessed February 1 2026.https:\/\/www.businessresearchinsights.com\/market\u2010reports\/smart\u2010gun\u2010market\u2010125513"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_108_1","unstructured":"CohenJB.Law Enforcement Use of Less\u2010Than\u2010Lethal Weapons: Considerations for Congress. January 23 2025. Accessed March 11 2025.https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/crs\u2010product\/R48365"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2021.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_110_1","volume-title":"Non\u2010lethal Technologies: An Overview","author":"Lewer N","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.58567\/jea03030011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_112_1","unstructured":"HutchinsonB.Philly leaders sue ghost gun manufacturers just days after mass shooting. ABC News. July 6 2023. Accessed March 30 2025.https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/US\/philly\u2010leaders\u2010sue\u2010ghost\u2010gun\u2010manufacturers\u2010days\u2010after\/story?id=100768612"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2539199"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.10060"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10610\u2010014\u20109254\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_116_1","volume-title":"Guns 360: Differing Perspectives and Common\u2010Sense Approaches to Firearms in America","author":"See ES","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468\u20100009.12677"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jeg\/lbw016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2023.107684"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.05.002"}],"container-title":["The Milbank Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1468-0009.70100","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1468-0009.70100","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1468-0009.70100","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:26:13Z","timestamp":1791260773000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1468-0009.70100"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1468-0009.70100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1468-0009.70100","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0887-378X","1468-0009"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0887-378X","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-0009","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}