{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T17:31:15Z","timestamp":1775842275419,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,3]],"date-time":"2006-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1151884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3289,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Growth and Change"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Through kinship and other links to destinations, many African American interstate migrants in the United States join other people in destination households. These \u201clinked\u201d migrants contrast to \u201cindependent migrants\u201d who move as individuals or intact groups and set up their own households at the destination. Using U.S. Census Public Use Micro Sample data, this paper first shows that, in the 1985\u201090 period, about 45 percent of all Black interstate migrants were independent, compared to 38 percent who were linked to housing at the destination and 17 percent who moved into group quarters. Second, a multinomial logit model, incorporating individual and state\u2010level variables, is specified that contrasts the determinants of independent and linked migration. Tests show that independent migration can be modeled with classic migration determinants, including individual educational and occupational resources, labor market conditions at the destination, and public goods at the destination including the level of welfare payments. Linked migration, on the other hand, is much less responsive to these factors, and not at all responsive to destination unemployment and welfare levels. Separate tests of male and female models suggest a great contrast between independent and linked migration for females. It is concluded that the understanding of Black migration must take into account a variety of factors beyond traditional labor market conditions, including links to the destination and individual housing circumstances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2257.00061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,11]],"date-time":"2003-03-11T22:37:06Z","timestamp":1047422226000},"page":"309-334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Independent and Linked Migrants: Determinants of African American Interstate Migration"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"SEONG WOO","family":"LEE","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"CURTIS C.","family":"ROSEMAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01583571"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Migration and residential mobility: Macro and micro approaches.","author":"Cadwallader M.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00210364"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00115663"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"186","article-title":"Public policies and migration patterns in the United States","volume":"30","author":"Cebula R.J.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Public Finance"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Public Use Microdata Sample US. 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