{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T17:40:45Z","timestamp":1791654045484,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,9]],"date-time":"2017-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["British Journal of Sociology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This article assesses how processes of social closure enhance intergenerational immobility in the regulated professions and thus promote persistence at the top of the occupational hierarchy. We compare four European countries (GB, Germany, Denmark and Sweden) that differ considerably in their degree of professional regulation and in their broader institutional arrangements. We run log\u2010linear and logistic regression models on a cumulative dataset based on three large\u2010scale surveys with detailed and highly comparable information at the level of unit occupations. Our analyses indicate that children of licensed professionals are far more likely to inherit the occupation of their parents and that this stronger micro\u2010class immobility translates into higher chances of persistence in the upper class. These results support social closure theory and confirm the relevance of a micro\u2010class approach for the explanation of social fluidity and of its cross\u2010national variations. Moreover, we find that, when children of professionals do not reproduce the micro\u2010class of their parents, they still display disproportionate chances of persistence in professional employment. Hence, on the one hand, processes of social closure erect barriers between professions and fuel micro\u2010class immobility at the top. On the other hand, the cultural proximity of different professional groups drives intense intergenerational exchanges between them. Our analyses indicate that these micro\u2010 and meso\u2010class rigidities work as complementary routes to immobility at the top.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-4446.12235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,9]],"date-time":"2017-02-09T13:28:39Z","timestamp":1486646919000},"page":"194-214","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Social closure, micro\u2010class immobility and the intergenerational reproduction of the upper class: a comparative study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Lucia","family":"Ruggera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sociology and Social Research, University of Trento"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Barone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Full Professor at Sciences Po, Observatoire Sociologique du Changement"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Bednar W. 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Perch\u00e9 la mobilit\u00e0 intergenerazionale \u00e8 cos\u00ec bassa in Italia","author":"Checchi D.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","volume-title":"The Credential Society: An Historical Sociology of Education and Stratification","author":"Collins R.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199270125.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","volume-title":"The constant Flux: A Study of Social Mobility in Industrial Societies","author":"Erikson R.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garoupa N.2006\u2018Regulation of Legal and Medical Professions in the US and Europe: A Comparative Analysis\u2019 Working paper 2006\u201011 [http:\/\/www.fedea.net\/documentos\/pubs\/dt\/2006\/dt-2006-11.pdf.]","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.640502"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/000169930204500303","article-title":"Occupational Sociology, Yes: Class Analysis, No: Comment on Grusky and Weeden's \u201cResearch Agenda","volume":"45","author":"Goldthorpe J. 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Fink M.andOgus A.2003The Economic Impact of Regulation in the Field of Liberal Professions in Different Member States Regulation of Professional Services. Study for the European Commission DG Competition [www.ec.europa.eu]."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","unstructured":"RoweA.andGarc\u00eda\u2010BarberoM.2005Regulation and licensing of physicians in the WHO European Region World Health Organization report n. 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