{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:25:24Z","timestamp":1789683924039,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000286","name":"British Academy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SRG19_190275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRG19_190275"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British Journal of Sociology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Debates about Islamophobia have been blighted by the question of whether the prejudice can be defined as a form of racism or as hostility to religion (or a combination of the two). This paper sheds light on this debate by presenting the findings of a new nationally representative survey, focused on the UK, that contrasts perceptions of Muslims not only with perceptions of other ethnic and religious minorities but also with perceptions of Islam as a religious tradition. We find that prejudice against Muslims is higher than for any other group examined other than Travellers. We also find contrasting demographic drivers of prejudice towards\n                    <jats:italic>Muslims<\/jats:italic>\n                    and towards\n                    <jats:italic>Islam<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Across most prejudice measures we analyse, intolerant views are generally significantly associated with being male, voting Conservative and being older, although not with Anglican identity. We find, however, that class effects vary depending on the question's focus. Anti\u2010immigration sentiment \u2013 including support for a \u2018Muslim ban\u2019 \u2013 is significantly correlated with being working\u2010class. However, prejudice towards Islam as a body of teachings (tested using a question measuring perceptions of religious literalism) is significantly correlated with being middle\u2010class, as is negative sentiment towards Travellers. Using these findings, the paper makes an argument for supplementing recent scholarship on the associations between racism and Islamophobia with analyses focusing on misperceptions of belief.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-4446.13049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T05:18:06Z","timestamp":1694755086000},"page":"5-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Two Islamophobias? Racism and religion as distinct but mutually supportive dimensions of anti\u2010Muslim prejudice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2761-8882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen H.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Policy University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Unsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Maths and Physical Sciences University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468\u20104446.12811"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","article-title":"Why I\u2019m opposed to Ilhan Omar\u2019s bill against Islamophobia","author":"Alinejad M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Washington Post"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","volume-title":"Islamophobia","author":"Allen C.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","volume-title":"\u2018Maybe we are hated\u2019: The experience and impact of anti\u2010Muslim hate on British Muslim women","author":"Allen C.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","volume-title":"Islamophobia defined: The inquiry into a working definition of Islamophobia","author":"All\u2010Party Parliamentary Group on British Muslims","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/741942605"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13603110701748403"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764211409387"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957926515581157"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13602004.2012.727291"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","volume-title":"Islamophobia: A challenge for us all","author":"Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvrdf3q7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","unstructured":"Donelan M.(2021).Universities: Antisemitism: Question for the department for education.UK Parliament.https:\/\/questions\u2010statements.parliament.uk\/written\u2010questions\/detail\/2021\u201004\u201012\/179554\/. accessed 28 February 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","volume-title":"National populism: The revolt against liberal democracy","author":"Eatwell R.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","volume-title":"Islamophobia: Still a challenge for us all","author":"Elahi F.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0037768615601966"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/socpro\/spz039"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467\u2010923X.12854"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","volume-title":"Impact of insecure accommodation and the living environment on Gypsies\u2019 and Travellers\u2019 health","author":"Greenfields M.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","volume-title":"Selected writings on race and difference","author":"Hall S.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","volume-title":"The invention of race in the European middle ages","author":"Heng G.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","unstructured":"Hope not Hate. (2019).State of hate 2019: People vs the elite? London: Hope not Hate.https:\/\/www.belongnetwork.co.uk\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/state\u2010of\u2010hate\u20102019\u2010final\u20101.pdf. accessed 9 December 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","volume-title":"The Macpherson report: Twenty\u2010two years on","author":"House of Commons Home Affairs Committee","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124118769081"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","unstructured":"IHRA. (2016).What is antisemitism? 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