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Contesting this literature, this work introduces an intersectional approach\u2014focusing on geopolitics, protest goals and actions\u2014to theorize divergences in the media framing of protests that entail violence. To illustrate these divergences, we use mixed methods\u2014network analysis and content analysis\u2014to examine an original dataset on U.S. media coverage of three large movements in different countries. These movements share similarities in their anti\u2010status quo goals and contentious actions but differ in geopolitical locations: one taking place in the U.S., the second in a U.S. ally country, and the third in a non\u2010ally country. As the first to apply network analysis in movement\u2010media studies, this comparative study contributes to a systematic examination of media framing variations both within <jats:italic>and<\/jats:italic> across social movements. This work also complicates our understanding of violence and media representation by introducing a theoretically\u2010informed approach that considers multiple factors simultaneously.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-4446.13153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,5]],"date-time":"2024-10-05T14:28:22Z","timestamp":1728138502000},"page":"114-135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Variations in media framing of movements in China, France, and the U.S.: An intersectional approach"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1093-3301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology Florida State University  Tallahassee Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Cassard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology and Anthropology Muhlenberg College  Allentown Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brooke","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huixuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Florida State University  Tallahassee Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430220920707"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0163443713491299"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240907400407"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_5_1","volume-title":"Gilets jaunes: usage excessif de la force par la police","author":"Amnesty France","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_6_1","volume-title":"Gilets jaunes: Un bilan inqui\u00e9tant","author":"Amnesty France","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_7_1","volume-title":"France: Comment des milliers de manifestants pacifiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arbitrairement arr\u00eat\u00e9s et poursuivis","author":"Amnesty France","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_8_1","volume-title":"Hong Kong: Arbitrary arrests, brutal beatings and torture in police detention revealed","author":"Amnesty International","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_9_1","volume-title":"China: National security law for Hong Kong risks turning city into police state","author":"Amnesty International","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_10_1","volume-title":"USA: Law enforcement violated Black Lives Matter protesters\u2019 human rights, documents acts of police violence and excessive force","author":"Amnesty International","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_11_1","volume-title":"France: New security law risks dystopian surveillance state","author":"Amnesty International","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_12_1","unstructured":"Amnesty International UK. 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