{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T15:00:33Z","timestamp":1781622033867,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British Journal of Sociology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Although cocaine use is rising among youth in many countries, little is known about the social context and its influence on this new pattern of use. Drawing on a theoretical framework of class, gender, and peer\u2010status dynamics and extensive data from personal interviews, we investigate how cocaine use is culturally situated and socially organised in certain Norwegian high school cultures. The focal sample consists of study participants who stated that they had used cocaine. They totalled 32 persons, of whom 28 were boys. We identify four key cultural characteristics linked to cocaine use: (i)\n                    <jats:italic>affluence<\/jats:italic>\n                    : users often had backgrounds rich in economic capital; (ii) a\n                    <jats:italic>party\u2010centred culture<\/jats:italic>\n                    : cocaine was introduced in contexts with excessive partying and binge drinking; (iii)\n                    <jats:italic>top\u2010level networks<\/jats:italic>\n                    : cocaine use was linked to exclusive social networks, based in Norwegian high school graduation celebrations; and (iv)\n                    <jats:italic>masculinity<\/jats:italic>\n                    : boys used more cocaine than girls, to boost their energy and self\u2010confidence. We conclude that the key driver of cocaine use is a structurally determined socialisation pattern, which we theorise as a \u2018top\u2010boy\u2019 culture. This culture is anchored in status\u2010seeking elite school milieus characterised by affluence, heavy partying, and exclusive homosocial networks. Boys invested in this culture may engage in cocaine use to signal membership and to mimic the hallmark of \u2018ease\u2019, in accordance with a rather orthodox type of masculinity. Whereas youth cultures often represent pockets of resistance to traditional hierarchies, this culture instead seems to strengthen such established hierarchical arrangements.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-4446.13212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T05:12:42Z","timestamp":1743829962000},"page":"757-766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["\u2018Cubs of Wall Street\u2019: Cocaine Use in Top\u2010Boy Culture"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8284-0924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rikke","family":"Tokle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA\u2014Norwegian Social Research Oslo Metropolitan University  Oslo 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