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Explored in this paper, \u201cAmerican shamans\u201d seek to heal a range of maladies by collecting traditions found outside of their own cultural heritage, from ceremonies of the Q'ero people in the Andes to those of the S\u00e1mi in Scandinavia. As part of an ethnographic study, this paper draws from participant observation and a sample of 41 interviews with self\u2010identified shamanic and spiritual healers across the United States. I introduce\n                    <jats:italic>ficto<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010\n                    <jats:italic>primitive capital<\/jats:italic>\n                    to describe the status pursued by individuals who cultivate practices, objects, and relationships associated with communities they imagine as being pre\u2010modern and pre\u2010industrial. American shamans accrue ficto\u2010primitive capital in effort to escape problems they associate with Western modernity: loss of community, feelings of isolation, and lack of cultural substance. Ironically, despite having purported respect for the communities that inspire their healing methods, American shamans become agents of cultural imperialism and exploit global inequalities. Ficto\u2010primitive capital offers an account of why shamanic and other wellness practices are growing in popularity among Westerners.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-4446.70119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T07:26:21Z","timestamp":1775892381000},"page":"743-754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ficto\u2010Primitive Capital: What Wellness Seekers Gain From Practicing Shamanism and Other Healing Traditions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"77","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0027-7742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sociology at Vassar College  Poughkeepsie New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030631270203200503"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","volume-title":"American Indians and Alaska Natives \u2010 By the Numbers","author":"Administration for Native Americans","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/aiq.2000.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alich A.2023.Shamanism: What You Need to Know About the Fastest\u2010Growing \u2018Religion\u2019In England and Wales.","DOI":"10.64628\/AB.g5d5fpv94"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00048623.2005.10721250"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arias E. 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