{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:43:08Z","timestamp":1791351788829,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,21]],"date-time":"2002-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1019347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2002The aim of the present study was to assess the ability of children and adolescents with Asperger syndrome (AS) (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    =21) to infer\n                    <jats:italic>physical<\/jats:italic>\n                    versus\n                    <jats:italic>mental<\/jats:italic>\n                    states on a new `advanced' test of theory\u2010of\u2010mind \u2013\n                    <jats:italic>Stories from Everyday Life<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The participants in the AS group were of normal intelligence and were compared with an age\u2010matched control group (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    =20) of normally developing children and adolescents.\n                    <jats:bold>Method:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The test materials comprised 26 short stories or 13 pairs of different types of stories. This contextually complex theory\u2010of\u2010mind battery aimed to record the participants' ability to make inferences about\n                    <jats:italic>physical<\/jats:italic>\n                    as well as\n                    <jats:italic>mental<\/jats:italic>\n                    states. The first part of each story described a\n                    <jats:italic>physical<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>mechanical<\/jats:italic>\n                    event, and a test question then tested the participants' ability to make an inference about a\n                    <jats:italic>physical state<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The last part of the stories contained two questions, testing the ability to infer a\n                    <jats:italic>mental state<\/jats:italic>\n                    from the story context, e.g., understanding social communication such as a\n                    <jats:italic>lie<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>white lie<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>figure of speech<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>misunderstanding<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>double bluff<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>irony<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>persuasion<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>contrary emotions<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>forgetting<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>jealousy<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>intentions<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>empathy<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>social blunders<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The participants' reaction time and number of prompt questions were also recorded.\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The participants in the AS group showed significantly more problems attributing\n                    <jats:italic>mental state<\/jats:italic>\n                    inferences relative to the control group. They performed considerably better on tasks involving a\n                    <jats:italic>physical state<\/jats:italic>\n                    , but still did less well than the controls. They had a tendency to interpret behaviour and utterances literally, without regard to context, and to choose a\n                    <jats:italic>physical explanation<\/jats:italic>\n                    when a\n                    <jats:italic>mental state<\/jats:italic>\n                    answer was more appropriate. They also needed significantly more prompt questions and used significantly more time than the controls to solve the tasks, especially those involving\n                    <jats:italic>mental state<\/jats:italic>\n                    inference.\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study supports earlier findings that individuals with AS\/HFA have difficulties attributing\n                    <jats:italic>mental states<\/jats:italic>\n                    in context, but seem to have significantly fewer difficulties inferring\n                    <jats:italic>physical states<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The fact that the clinical group also used significant longer reaction time and needed significantly more prompt questions to solve the tasks relative to the control group may also be related to their problems in understanding\n                    <jats:italic>mental states<\/jats:italic>\n                    . However, the possibility remains that these difficulties could represent a separate factor \u2013 or a distinct `cognitive style' \u2013 suggesting that at least some individuals with AS may be generally slow in solving cognitive tasks.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,11]],"date-time":"2003-03-11T23:34:58Z","timestamp":1047425698000},"page":"517-528","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":162,"title":["A new `advanced' test of theory of mind: evidence from children and adolescents with Asperger syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Nils","family":"Kaland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"M\u00f8ller\u2010Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Callesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik Lykke","family":"Mortensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorte","family":"Gottlieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-2014(00)00014-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association(1994).Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(4th edn). Washington DC: Author."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01837709"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699939508409006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","unstructured":"Attwood T.(1998).Asperger's syndrome.A guide for parents and professionals. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00241.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579400003126"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01599.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0021963001006643"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025974701090"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1992.tb01962.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00538988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005575216176"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","unstructured":"Bruner J. &Feldman C.(1993).Theories of mind and the problem of autism. In S. Baron\u2010Cohen H. Tager\u2010Flusberg & D.J. Cohen (Eds.) Understanding other minds \u2013 perspectives from autism. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carruthers P.(1996).Autism as mind\u2010blindness: An elaboration and partial defence. In P. Carruthers & P.K. Smith (Eds.) Theories of theories of mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511597985"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01469.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02094.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0017.00100"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9507.1994.tb00031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2788.1998.00065.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","unstructured":"Gillberg C.(1997).Barn ungdommar och vuxna med Asperger syndrom \u2013 normala genier n\u00f8rder?Stockholm: Bokf\u00f6rlaget Cura AB."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Happ\u00e9 F.G.E.(1991).The autobiographical writing of three Asperger syndrome adults: Problems of interpretation and implications for theory. In U. Frith (Ed.) Autism and Asperger syndrome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511526770.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02172093"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(99)01318-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005544518785"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","unstructured":"HermelinB. &O'Connor N.(1985).Logi\u2010co\u2010affective states and non\u2010verbal language. In E. Schopler & G.B. Mesibov (Eds.) Communication problems in autism. New York: Plenum Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00539925"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023082928366"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","unstructured":"Kaland N.(2000).Evne til mentalisering ved Asperger syndrom.En studie av mentalisering `sentral koherens' og eksekutive funksjoner. Unpublished doctoral dissertation University of Oslo Institute of Psychology."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","first-page":"217","article-title":"Autistic disturbances of affective contact","volume":"2","author":"Kanner L.","year":"1943","journal-title":"Nervous Child"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1005657512379"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0021963099006101"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01361.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0021963001006722"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400006027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00351.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(85)90051-7","article-title":"`John thinks that Mary thinks that....' Attribution of second\u2010order belief by 5\u201310 years old children","volume":"39","author":"Perner J.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130734"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00389"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096228029800700306"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02172139"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.2.262"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_2","unstructured":"Wechsler D.(1998).Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC\u2010III). Danish translation and adaptation. Danish Psychological Publishers."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700053332"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wing L.(1991).The relationship between Asperger's syndrome and Kanner's autism. In U. Frith (Ed.) Autism and Asperger syndrome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511526770.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wing L.(1998).The history of Asperger syndrome. In E. Schopler G.B. Mesibov & L.J. Kunce (Eds.) Asperger syndrome or high\u2010functioning autism. New York: Plenum Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5369-4_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization(1993).The ICD\u201010 classification of mental and behavioural disorders. Diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva: Author."}],"container-title":["Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2F1469-7610.00042","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1469-7610.00042","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T17:17:43Z","timestamp":1762190263000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1469-7610.00042"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,21]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1469-7610.00042"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1469-7610.00042","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9630","1469-7610"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9630","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7610","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,21]]}}}