{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:02:45Z","timestamp":1790762565885,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,28]],"date-time":"2002-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1035763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Executive function, particularly behavioral inhibition, has been implicated as a core deficit specific to Attention\u2010Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) whereas rapid naming has been implicated as a core deficit specific to reading disabilities (RD). Females may be less impaired in executive function although adolescent females with ADHD have yet to be studied.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Method:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Neuropsychological profiles of four adolescent groups aged 13\u201316 with equal female representation were investigated: 35 ADHD, 12 RD, 24 ADHD+RD, and 37 normal controls. A semi\u2010structured interview (K\u2010SADS\u2010PL), the Conners Rating Scales and the Ontario Child Health Study Scales were used to diagnose ADHD. RD was defined as a standard score below 90 on\n                    <jats:italic>at least<\/jats:italic>\n                    one of the following: Reading or Spelling of the WRAT3 or Word Attack or Word Identification of the WRMT\u2010R. The WISC\u2010III, Rapid Automatized Naming, Stroop and Stop tasks were used as measures of cognitive and executive function.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The two ADHD groups (ADHD, ADHD+RD) showed deficits in processing speed, naming of objects, poor behavioral inhibition and greater variability in reaction times whereas the two RD groups (RD, RD+ADHD) showed verbal working memory deficits and slower verbal retrieval speed. Only the comorbid group was slower with naming of numbers and colors and had slower reaction times. Regression analyses indicated that incongruent color naming (Stroop) and variability in go reaction time were the best predictors of hyperactive\/impulsive ADHD symptoms whereas variability in go reaction time and processing speed were the best predictors of inattentive ADHD symptoms. Speed of letter naming and verbal working memory accounted for the most variability in composite achievement scores. No gender differences were found on any of the cognitive tests.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study challenges the importance of behavioral inhibition deficits in ADHD and that naming deficits are specific to RD. Further investigation into cognitive deficits in these groups is required. \u2028ADHD: Attention\u2010Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder; RD: Reading Difficulties; SES: socio\u2010economic status; CTRS: Conners' Teacher Rating Scale; OCHSS: Ontario Child Health Study Scales; WRAT: Wide Range Achievement Test; WRMT: Woodcock Reading Mastery Test; MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; SAD: Separation Anxiety Disorder; GAD: Generalized Anxiety Disorder; OCD: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; WISC: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children; RAN: Rapid Automatized Naming; SSRT: Stop Signal Reaction Time;\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,11]],"date-time":"2003-03-11T23:35:40Z","timestamp":1047425740000},"page":"988-1003","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":315,"title":["Neuropsychological profiles of adolescents with ADHD: effects of reading difficulties and gender"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Julia J.","family":"Rucklidge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary","family":"Tannock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948601900409"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association(2000).Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM\u2010IV\u2010TR(4th edn: Text revision). 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