{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T02:20:30Z","timestamp":1793154030959,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,27]],"date-time":"2012-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1353974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wellbeing of Women\/Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate persistent faecal incontinence (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FI<\/jats:styled-content>) 12\u00a0years after birth and association with delivery mode history and quality of life.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twelve\u2010year longitudinal study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Maternity units in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>berdeen, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>irmingham and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>unedin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Population<\/jats:title><jats:p>Women who returned questionnaires 3\u00a0months and 12\u00a0years after index birth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data on all births over 12\u00a0months were obtained from units and women were contacted 3\u00a0months, 6\u00a0years and 12\u00a0years post birth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measure<\/jats:title><jats:p>Persistent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FI<\/jats:styled-content>, defined as reported at 12\u00a0years and one or more previous contacts. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SF<\/jats:styled-content>12 assessed quality of life.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 7879 women recruited at 3\u00a0months, 3763 responded at 12\u00a0years, 2944 of whom also responded at 6\u00a0years: nonresponders were similar in obstetric factors. Prevalence of persistent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FI<\/jats:styled-content> was 6.0% (227\/3763); 43% of 12\u2010year responders who reported <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FI<\/jats:styled-content> at 3\u00a0months also reported it at 12\u00a0years. Women with persistent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FI<\/jats:styled-content> had significantly lower <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SF<\/jats:styled-content>12 scores. Compared with only spontaneous vaginal deliveries, women who had one or more forceps delivery were more likely to have persistent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FI<\/jats:styled-content> (odds ratio [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>] 2.08, 95% confidence interval [95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>] 1.53\u20132.85) but it was no less likely with exclusively caesarean births (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> 0.93, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.54\u20131.58). More obese women than normal weight women reported persistent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FI<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> 1.52, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.06\u20132.17).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This longitudinal study has demonstrated persistence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FI<\/jats:styled-content> many years after birth and shown that one forceps birth increased the likelihood, whereas exclusive caesarean birth showed no association. Obesity, which increased symptom likelihood, is a modifiable risk factor.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,28]],"date-time":"2012-11-28T23:27:41Z","timestamp":1354145261000},"page":"169-179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Faecal incontinence persisting after childbirth: a 12\u00a0year longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"C","family":"MacArthur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Health and Population Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women's and Children's Health Dunedin School of Medicine University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Herbison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Social Medicine Dunedin School of Medicine University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"RJ","family":"Lancashire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Health and Population Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Hagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMAHP Research Unit Glasgow Caledonian University Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Toozs\u2010Hobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham Women's Hospital Birmingham Women's NHS Foundation Trust Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Dean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology York Hospital York UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Glazener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Research Unit University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"On behalf of the ProLong study group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000254164.67182.78"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2001.00183.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2005.00721.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01553.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01364.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1997.tb10648.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2011.02964.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7313.593"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38320.613461.82","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of conservative management of postnatal urinary and faecal incontinence: six year follow up","volume":"330","author":"Glazener CMA","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","volume-title":"SF12v2; 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