{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T01:56:18Z","timestamp":1774403778819,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,27]],"date-time":"2012-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1353974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine whether relationships with gestational age and birthweight centile vary between specific causes of special educational need (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SEN<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Scotland.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Population<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cohort of 407\u00a0503 schoolchildren.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Polytomous logistic regression was used to examine the risk of each cause of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SEN<\/jats:styled-content> across the spectrum of gestation at delivery and birthweight centile, adjusting for potential confounding factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Crude and adjusted odds ratios and confidence intervals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 19\u00a0821 children with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SEN<\/jats:styled-content>, 557 (2.8%) had sensory impairments, 812 (4.1%) had physical or motor disabilities, 876 (4.4%) had language impairments, 2823 (14.2%) had social, emotional, or behavioural problems, 7018 (35.4%) had intellectual disabilities, 4404 (22.2%) had specific learning difficulties, and 1684 (8.5%) autistic spectrum disorder (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content>). Extreme preterm delivery (at 24\u201327\u00a0weeks of gestation) was a strong predictor of sensory (adjusted <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a023.64, 95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 12.03\u201346.45), physical or motor (adjusted <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a029.69, 95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 17.49\u201350.40), and intellectual (adjusted <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a011.67, 95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 8.46\u201316.10) impairments, with dose relationships across the range of gestation. Similarly, birthweight below the third centile was associated with sensory (adjusted <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a02.85, 95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 2.04\u20133.99), physical or motor (adjusted <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a02.47, 95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.82\u20133.37), and intellectual (adjusted <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a02.67, 95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 2.41\u20132.96) impairments. Together, gestation and birthweight centile accounted for 24.0% of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SEN<\/jats:styled-content> arising from sensory impairment, 34.3% arising from physical or motor disabilities, and 26.6% arising from intellectual disabilities. Obstetric factors were less strongly associated with specific learning difficulties and social or emotional problems, and there were no significant associations with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The association between gestation and birthweight centile and overall risk of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SEN<\/jats:styled-content> is largely driven by very strong associations with sensory, physical or motor impairments, and intellectual impairments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,28]],"date-time":"2012-11-28T23:29:09Z","timestamp":1354145349000},"page":"297-308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Obstetric factors and different causes of special educational need: retrospective cohort study of 407\u00a0503 schoolchildren"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"DF","family":"Mackay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Wellbeing University of Glasgow Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"GCS","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Cambridge University Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Dobbie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information and Statistics Division NHS Scotland Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u2010A","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Wellbeing University of Glasgow Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JP","family":"Pell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Wellbeing University of Glasgow Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2003.tb00912.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2816"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","article-title":"Meta\u2010analysis of the association between preterm delivery and intelligence","author":"Kerr\u2010Wilson CO","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-199312010-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.6.728"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2007.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000289"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2006.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2006.00805.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.4.e63"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","unstructured":"Information Services Division.Data quality assurance. 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