{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T18:12:14Z","timestamp":1768587134041,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,14]],"date-time":"2012-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1355443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To estimate the prevalence of urinary incontinence (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UI<\/jats:styled-content>) and its subtypes in women in rural Pakistan, associated factors, severity and impact on daily life.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Population\u2010based, cross\u2010sectional study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>A rural community in Sindh Province, Pakistan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Population<\/jats:title><jats:p>Randomly selected women aged 15\u00a0years or older.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A three\u2010level random sampling strategy was used to select women: a random sample of health centres; a random sample of Lady Health Workers (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LHW<\/jats:styled-content>s) from each health centre; and a random sample of women in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LHW<\/jats:styled-content> catchment areas. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LHW<\/jats:styled-content>s used an interview\u2010based structured questionnaire to collect data from women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measure<\/jats:title><jats:p>Urinary incontinence reported by women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among the 5064 participants (response rate 95.8%) the prevalence of any <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UI<\/jats:styled-content> was 11.5% (581\/5064; 95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 10.6\u201312.3). The most common subtype was stress incontinence, with a prevalence of 4.7% (95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a04.1\u20135.3), followed by urge incontinence, with a prevalence of 3.2% (95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a02.7\u20133.7), mixed incontinence, with a prevalence of 2.8% (95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a02.3\u20133.2), other incontinence, with a prevalence of 0.4% (95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a00.2\u20130.5) and continuous incontinence, with a prevalence of 0.5% (95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a00.3\u20130.6). Older age, higher parity and marriage at an early age were independently associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UI<\/jats:styled-content>. We found that 52% of women with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UI<\/jats:styled-content> reported leakage at least daily, and 45% reported a great or moderate impact on their daily life. Only 15.7% of women with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UI<\/jats:styled-content> had consulted a doctor.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UI<\/jats:styled-content> reported in rural Pakistan was lower than is generally found in studies from the developed world, but among the women affected it commonly occurred on a daily basis and impacted on their everyday lives, yet few had obtained medical advice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,14]],"date-time":"2012-12-14T17:43:16Z","timestamp":1355506996000},"page":"180-186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Urinary incontinence in women in rural Pakistan: prevalence, severity, associated factors and impact on life"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"AH","family":"Jokhio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"RM","family":"Rizvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Rizvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology Aga Khan University Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"MacArthur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Population Sciences College of Medical and Dental Sciences University of Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-010-1215-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOU.0b013e32832b659d"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(98)00454-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.124839"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.10.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/bjom.1995.3.1.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1998.tb10045.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(03)00220-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","unstructured":"Pakistan Data Profile.World Development Indicators database April 2006. 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