{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:47:28Z","timestamp":1790272048445,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,6]],"date-time":"2013-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Violence against pregnant women is a prevalent issue with severe health implications, especially during pregnancy. This study seeks to determine the prevalence of intimate partner violence against women during pregnancy and its associated mental health symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional survey conducted from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>ecember 2011 to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>pril 2012.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>uhimbili <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>ational <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>ospital antenatal clinic in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>ar es <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>alaam, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>anzania.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Sample<\/jats:title><jats:p>1180 pregnant antenatal care patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Trained interviewers conducted face\u2010to\u2010face standardised interviews with the women in a private room prior to their antenatal care appointment. (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content>), anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed through the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>onflict <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>actics <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>cale, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">J<\/jats:styled-content>ohn <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>opkins <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>ymptom <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>hecklist (25) and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>osttraumatic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>iagnostic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>cale.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>onflict <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>actics <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>cale, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">J<\/jats:styled-content>ohn <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>opkins <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>ymptom <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>hecklist (25) and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>osttraumatic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>iagnostic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>cale.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 1180 women who were interviewed, 27% reported experiencing both physical and sexual intimate partner violence in the index pregnancy, with 18% reporting physical violence and 20% reporting sexual violence. After adjusting for the sociodemographic characteristics of women, women who experienced physical and\/or sexual intimate partner violence during pregnancy were significantly more likely to have moderate <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AOR<\/jats:styled-content> 2.94, 95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.71\u20135.06), anxiety (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AOR<\/jats:styled-content> 3.98, 95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 2.85\u20135.57) and depressive (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AOR<\/jats:styled-content> 3.31, 95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 2.39\u20134.593) symptoms than women who did not report physical and\/or sexual intimate partner violence during pregnancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>About three out of ten women experienced physical or sexual intimate partner violence during pregnancy by an intimate partner, which was significantly associated with poor mental health symptoms. These rates are alarming, and justify training and education of antenatal care providers to raise awareness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,6]],"date-time":"2013-03-06T14:42:06Z","timestamp":1362580926000},"page":"940-947","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Intimate partner violence during pregnancy and associated mental health symptoms among pregnant women in <scp>T<\/scp>anzania: a cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"B","family":"Mahenge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Likindikoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"St\u00f6ckl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Development London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Mbwambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(10)36533-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","volume-title":"WHO Multi\u2010Country Study on Women's Health And Domestic Violence Against Women: Initial Results on Prevalence, Health Outcomes and Women's Responses","author":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Moreno C","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 2010","author":"National Bureau of Statistics Tanzania and ICF Macro","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(10)36525-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/13.2.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2011.03219.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60522-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08336-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745\u20100179\u20105\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/thrb.v12i1.56276"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","volume-title":"Putting Women First: Ethical and safety recommendations for research on domestic violence against women","author":"Watts CH","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.8.1331"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.72.4.579"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2002.01205.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017591"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.09.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801205285106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.743"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764008094645"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-515"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60887-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2011.03040.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00187"}],"container-title":["BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics &amp; 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