{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T16:20:41Z","timestamp":1790439641605,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,3]],"date-time":"2013-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1372809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent literature on the effect of induction of labour (compared with expectant management) has provided conflicting results. Reviews of observational studies generally report an increase in the rate of caesarean section, whereas reviews of post\u2010dates and term prelabour rupture of membrane (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PROM<\/jats:styled-content> trials suggest either no difference or a reduction in risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate with a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of randomised controlled trials (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCT<\/jats:styled-content>s) whether or not the induction of labour increases the risk of caesarean section in women with intact membranes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Search strategy<\/jats:title><jats:p>Literature search using electronic databases: <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MEDLINE<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> EMBASE<\/jats:styled-content>, and the Cochrane Database of Clinical Trials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Selection criteria<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCT<\/jats:styled-content>s comparing a policy of induction of labour with expectant management in women with intact membranes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data collection and analysis<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 37 trials were identified and reviewed. Quantitative analyses with fixed\u2010 and random\u2010effects models were performed with <jats:sc>revman<\/jats:sc> 5.1.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 37 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCT<\/jats:styled-content>s, 27 were trials of uncomplicated pregnancies at 37\u201342\u00a0weeks of gestation. The remaining ten evaluated induction versus expectant management in pregnancies with suspected macrosomia (two), diabetes in pregnancy (one), oligohydramnios (one), twins (two), intrauterine growth restriction (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IUGR<\/jats:styled-content>) (two), mild pregnancy\u2010induced hypertension (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PIH<\/jats:styled-content>) (one), and women with a high\u2010risk score for caesarean section (one). Meta\u2010analysis of 31 trials determined that a policy of induction was associated with a reduction in the risk of caesarean section compared with expectant management (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> 0.83, 95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.76\u20130.92).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Author's Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Induction of labour in women with intact membranes reduces the risk of caesarean section. Review of the trials suggests that this effect may arise from non\u2010treatment effects, and that additional trials are needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,27]],"date-time":"2013-06-27T08:34:31Z","timestamp":1372322071000},"page":"674-685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["Does induction of labour increase the risk of caesarean section? A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of trials in women with intact membranes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"S","family":"Wood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"},{"name":"Community Health Sciences University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"},{"name":"Community Health Sciences University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2001.00009.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3182266682"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(02)02047-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.06.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2010.496501"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.2001.00337.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.106748"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-200308000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"917","article-title":"Elective induction of labor as a risk factor for cesarean delivery among low\u2010risk women at term","volume":"1","author":"Maslow AS","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000157436.68847.3b"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70265-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181c4ef96"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"CD005302","article-title":"Planned early birth versus expectant management (waiting) for prelabour rupture of membranes at term (37\u00a0weeks or more)","author":"Dare MR","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199604183341601"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1240001"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","first-page":"CD004945","article-title":"Induction of labour for improving birth outcomes for women at or beyond term","author":"Gulmezoglu AM","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7303.42"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1036167"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"Comparison of 2 obstetrical attitudes vis\u2010a\u2010vis inducing labor at term. Randomized study","volume":"11","author":"Breart G","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","first-page":"446","article-title":"Elective termination versus expectant management in prolonged pregnancy: a prospective study of 200 pregnant women","volume":"53","author":"Benito R V","year":"2010","journal-title":"Progresos de Obstetricia Y Ginecologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","first-page":"58","article-title":"Prolonged pregnancy: induction or observation","volume":"116","author":"Suikkari AM","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.10.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-10-68"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2012.03356.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000293605"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.1999.tb01119.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.294.6581.1192"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016348909006139"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.293.6554.1059"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(02)00243-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)92435-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(87)90359-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2004.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199206113262402"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","first-page":"231","article-title":"Induction of labor versus conservative management in prolonged pregnancy: controlled study","volume":"4","author":"Heden L","year":"1991","journal-title":"International Journal of Feto\u2010Maternal Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000255665.77009.94"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1969.tb06180.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(92)90325-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","first-page":"270","article-title":"Management of prolonged pregnancy: a randomized trial of induction of labour and antepartum foetal monitoring","volume":"14","author":"James C","year":"2001","journal-title":"Natl Med J India"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(83)90175-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1978.tb10462.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"Alternative approaches to the management of gravidas with prolonged\u2010postterm\u2010postdate pregnancies","volume":"30","author":"Martin JN","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Miss State Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(94)70269-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050500139604"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004040050110"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(97)00179-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(83)90025-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016347909154610"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-999774"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(97)00149-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(93)90631-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000083901"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000010207"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c7087"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2005.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60736-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.03.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.09.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e2838"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","first-page":"1445","article-title":"Cost\u2010effectiveness of induction of labour versus serial antenatal monitoring in the Canadian multicentre postterm pregnancy trial","volume":"152","author":"Goeree R","year":"1995","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02710.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","first-page":"CD003246","article-title":"Intravenous oxytocin alone for cervical ripening and induction of labour","author":"Alfirevic Z","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2002.01004.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2010.29.2.225"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530390031030"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020124"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_1","first-page":"266","article-title":"Pelvic scoring for elective induction","volume":"24","author":"Bishop EH","year":"1964","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3182114ad2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706834"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-536X.2006.00146.x"}],"container-title":["BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2F1471-0528.12328","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1471-0528.12328","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T15:51:40Z","timestamp":1696348300000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1471-0528.12328"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,3]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1471-0528.12328"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-0528.12328","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1470-0328","1471-0528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1470-0328","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-0528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-02-08","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-07-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}