{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T17:30:41Z","timestamp":1774114241551,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,22]],"date-time":"2013-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1382400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess pelvic floor biometry during pregnancy and the correlation with symptoms of pelvic floor disorders in women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A prospective observational study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antenatal clinic between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>ugust\u00a02009 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>ay\u00a02011.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Population<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nulliparous women in their first pregnancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pelvic floor was assessed by translabial ultrasound and symptoms of pelvic floor disorders were explored with a standardised questionnaire at each trimester.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pelvic floor biometry during pregnancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 405 (91.6%) women completed the study. As the pregnancy advanced, there was significant descent of the bladder neck (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BN<\/jats:styled-content>), cervix, and anorectal junction. The hiatal area (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content>) was significantly enlarged, with a mean increase of 15.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a024.8% at rest, and 24.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a028.5% at Valsalva, at third trimester when compared with first trimester. Risk factors for stress urinary incontinence (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SUI<\/jats:styled-content>) were: descent of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BN<\/jats:styled-content> at <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">V<\/jats:styled-content>alsalva (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a03.2, 95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.2\u20138.5), increase in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content> at pelvic floor contraction (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PFMC<\/jats:styled-content>;<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a01.3, 95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.0\u20131.6), and increase in maternal age (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a01.1, 95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.0\u20131.2), at first trimester; increase in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content> at <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PFMC<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a01.3, 95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.1\u20131.5) at second trimester; and descent of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BN<\/jats:styled-content> at rest (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a02.3, 95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.1\u20134.9) and increase in maternal age (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a01.1, 95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.02\u20131.2) at third trimester. Descent of anorectal junction (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a01.5, 95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.1\u20131.9) and increase in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content> at rest (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a01.2, 95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.0\u20131.3) were factors for prolapse symptoms at second and third trimester, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pelvic floor changes begin during pregnancy. There was significant descent of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BN<\/jats:styled-content>, cervix, and anorectal junction, and enlargement of the hiatal area, as the pregnancy advanced. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SUI<\/jats:styled-content> was associated with descent of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BN<\/jats:styled-content>, and prolapse symptoms were associated with an increase in the hiatal area.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,22]],"date-time":"2013-10-22T16:08:56Z","timestamp":1382458136000},"page":"121-129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Pelvic floor biometry during a first singleton pregnancy and the relationship with symptoms of pelvic floor disorders: a prospective observational study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"SSC","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"RYK","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"KW","family":"Yiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"LL","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"TY","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"TKH","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(03)00155-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.2663"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02704.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.10132"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-009-0970-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.7712"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0412.2011.01315.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181d04dff"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-011-1640-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-012-2004-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"191","article-title":"Measuring subpubic arch angle using three\u2010dimensional transperineal ultrasound scan: intraoperator repeatability and interoperator reproducibility","volume":"30","author":"Choi S","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.6328"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.118659"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-011-1450-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-009-0976-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84628-584-4_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-012-1672-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2685289"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChanSSC LeeLL PangAWL CheungRYK YiuKW.Inter\u2010observer repeatability of three\u2010dimensional perineal ultrasound in pregnant women. 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