{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T08:53:17Z","timestamp":1777711997948,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,7]],"date-time":"2013-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate primarily the dietary intake, as well as demographics and selected lifestyle factors, of women experiencing nausea and vomiting in pregnancy, nausea only, or women who are symptom free.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>orwegian <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>other and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>hild <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>ohort <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>tudy, a population\u2010based pregnancy cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Sample<\/jats:title><jats:p>Analyses were based on 51\u00a0675 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>orwegian pregnancies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dietary intake was assessed by a self\u2010reported food frequency questionnaire answered in the first trimester of pregnancy, as were data regarding nausea and vomiting. Chi\u2010squared tests, one\u2010way analysis of variance, and multiple linear regression were used.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NVP<\/jats:styled-content>), gestational weight gain (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GWG<\/jats:styled-content>), and dietary intake.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that 17\u00a0070 (33%) women experienced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NVP<\/jats:styled-content>, 20\u00a0371 (39%) experienced only nausea, and 14\u00a0234 (28%) were symptom free. Women with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NVP<\/jats:styled-content> were younger and heavier at pregnancy onset, with the lowest <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GWG<\/jats:styled-content> and highest energy intake during pregnancy, primarily from carbohydrates and added sugars, compared with the other groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). In multiple linear regression analysis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GWG<\/jats:styled-content> and group adjusted for body mass index (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content>), gestational length, smoking during pregnancy, and energy intake, a significant interaction was found between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content> and group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). A significant effect of group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) was found in all <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content> strata, except among underweight women (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.65).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study suggests that women with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NVP<\/jats:styled-content> are characterised by high intakes of carbohydrates and added sugar, primarily from sugar\u2010containing soft drinks. 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