{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T13:44:14Z","timestamp":1782135854564,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,17]],"date-time":"2013-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1381968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inflammation is an important risk factor for the development of colorectal cancer (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRC<\/jats:styled-content>). Pelvic inflammatory disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PID<\/jats:styled-content>) comprises a spectrum of upper genital tract infections and inflammatory diseases. We aimed to evaluate the association between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRC<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PID<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Matched cohort study using the National Health Insurance Research Database.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Women with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PID<\/jats:styled-content> in Taiwan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Population and sample<\/jats:title><jats:p>From the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2005 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LHID<\/jats:styled-content>2005) in Taiwan, we obtained data on women from 13 to 45\u00a0years of age who were diagnosed with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PID<\/jats:styled-content>. The women with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PID<\/jats:styled-content> were matched 1:4 to selected members of the population without <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PID<\/jats:styled-content> based on age and year of first entry into the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LHID<\/jats:styled-content>2005.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the hazard ratio for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRC<\/jats:styled-content> during the 5\u2010year follow\u2010up period, after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and selected comorbid medical disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Colorectal cancer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 19\u00a0029 women with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PID<\/jats:styled-content>, 30 were diagnosed with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRC<\/jats:styled-content> during the 78\u00a0965 person\u2010year follow\u2010up period. Of the 76\u00a0116 control women, 66 were diagnosed with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRC<\/jats:styled-content>. The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRC<\/jats:styled-content> hazard ratio during the 5\u2010year follow\u2010up period was 2.00 (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.30\u20133.08) for women with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PID<\/jats:styled-content> relative to control women. Similarly, after adjusting for age, Charlson comorbidity index score, urbanisation level and monthly income, the adjusted <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRC<\/jats:styled-content> hazard ratio was 1.71 (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.10\u20132.65) for the women with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PID<\/jats:styled-content> relative to the women in the comparison cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here we show a weak association between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PID<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRC<\/jats:styled-content>. Additional studies are needed to further evaluate this association and examine plausible mechanisms, including the influence of specific microorganisms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,17]],"date-time":"2013-10-17T08:51:05Z","timestamp":1381999865000},"page":"337-342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Risk of colorectal cancer in women with pelvic inflammatory disease: a matched cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"M\u2010I","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Reproductive Medicine Taipei Medical University\u2014WanFang Hospital Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u2010W","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics Soochow University Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Centre for Evidence\u2010Based Medicine Taipei Medical University\u2014WanFang Hospital Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2574"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1593107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.01.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl.2008.2.2.61"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000182534.19832.83"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2005.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-4541-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2010.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.01.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"447","article-title":"Pelvic inflammatory disease and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer","volume":"4","author":"Risch HA","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(11)70165-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"401","article-title":"Pelvic inflammatory disease is a risk factor for cervical cancer","volume":"24","author":"Skapinyecz J","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Gynaecol Oncol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20010215)91:4<854::AID-CNCR1073>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"GPs should be vigilant for pelvic inflammatory disease","volume":"255","author":"Soleymani majd H","year":"2011","journal-title":"Practitioner"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.11.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1999.tb01315.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","first-page":"2516","article-title":"DNA damage induced by chronic inflammation contributes to colon carcinogenesis in mice","volume":"118","author":"Meira LB","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/156800911795538066"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90186-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623309354110"}],"container-title":["BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics &amp; 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