{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T10:43:57Z","timestamp":1761561837507},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,11]],"date-time":"2014-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1392076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"The National Key Technology Program, China","award":["2004BA720A31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2004BA720A31"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the effect of the dimensions of the uterine cavity in relation to the expulsion, or removal for displacement, of intrauterine devices (IUDs) MLCu375 and TCu380A.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A case\u2013control study nested in a multicentre clinical trial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighteen family planning clinics in China.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Population<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty\u2010eight pairs of TCu380A users and 118 pairs of MLCu375 users.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The women were classified as cases if IUD expulsion or displacement occurred during the first year of follow\u2010up after insertion. One control was randomly selected for each case matched by IUD model, centre, age, service provider for insertion, and date of insertion. Axial length of the uterine cavity (LUC) and the largest transverse diameter of the coronal section of the uterine cavity (LTD) were measured using abdominal ultrasound. We used multivariate conditional logistic regressions to estimate the adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of expulsions or displacements among women with different sizes of uterine cavity according to the quartile of LUC and LTD, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among MLCu375 users, women with LTD\u00a0\u2265\u00a027\u00a0mm had a higher risk of expulsion or displacement (aOR 2.40; 95% confidence interval, 95% CI, 1.02\u20135.63), after adjusting for the volume of menstrual flow, dysmenorrhoea, parity, uterine position, MLCu375 type, and LUC. Among TCu380A users, the association between LTD\u00a0\u2265\u00a037\u00a0mm and expulsion or displacement (aOR 4.98; 95%\u00a0CI 1.01\u201322.49) was statistically significant, after adjusting for LUC and potential confounding factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study suggests that LTD should be considered when making the decision of which IUD model to use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,12]],"date-time":"2014-02-12T10:32:39Z","timestamp":1392201159000},"page":"997-1004","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Dimensions of the endometrial cavity and intrauterine device expulsion or removal for displacement: a nested case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"H","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Epidemiology and Social Science National Population and Family Planning Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs and Devices Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Institute for Family Planning Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Epidemiology and Social Science National Population and Family Planning Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs and Devices Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Institute for Family Planning Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E\u2010S","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Epidemiology and Social Science National Population and Family Planning Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs and Devices Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JMN","family":"Duffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Health Research Unit Centre for Primary Care and Public Health Blizard Institute Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u2010C","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Institute for Family Planning Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division UN.World Contraceptive Use 2007. 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Accessed 27 May 2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"The analysis on status of IUD related service technology","volume":"18","author":"Song XJ","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin J Fam Plann"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(94)90094-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(90)90098-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"341","article-title":"Twelve years of experience with the TCu380A and TCu220C","volume":"56","author":"Long\u2010term reversible contraception","year":"1997","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"CD005347","article-title":"Copper containing, framed intra\u2010uterine devices for contraception","author":"Kulier R","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(96)00181-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","first-page":"158","article-title":"The effects of IUD position in uterine scanned by ultrasound immediately after insertion","volume":"4","author":"He JL","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chin J Fam Plann"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"552","article-title":"Clinical efect comparison of seven types of IUDs placement during intermenstruum","volume":"16","author":"Wu SC","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin J Fam Plann"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"390","article-title":"A nested case\u2010control study on IUD's removal due to downward dislocation about quality of care for women in rural areas in Yunnan Province","volume":"30","author":"Jia XJ","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reprod Contracept"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01983206"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(92)90146-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(02)00413-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016348309155762"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(90)90059-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01983205"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","first-page":"225","article-title":"Clinical performance of intrauterine devices in nulligravidae: is the length of the endometrial cavity of significance?","volume":"22","author":"Petersen KR","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Eur Fertil"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2010.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","first-page":"337","article-title":"Analysis of uterine measurement of 5404 women of normal IUD by ultrasonography","volume":"26","author":"Yu X","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chin J Fam Plann"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","first-page":"629","article-title":"Uterine measurement among women at reproductive age in Sichuan province","volume":"32","author":"Yang TZ","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Huaxi Med Univ"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Assessment of uterine shape by geometric means","volume":"2","author":"Hasson HM","year":"1981","journal-title":"Contracept Deliv Syst"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","first-page":"62","article-title":"Different uterine cavity Morphings and IUD selection","volume":"6","author":"Gan SX","year":"1977","journal-title":"Henan Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Observation on endometrial cavity shape by three\u2010dimensional ultrasonography","volume":"14","author":"Lu H","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin J Ultrasonogr"}],"container-title":["BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics &amp; 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