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It is crucial that we understand causes and contributing factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a systematic review of studies reporting factors associated with and cause(s) of stillbirth in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries (2000\u201313). Narrative synthesis to compare similarities and differences between studies with similar outcome categories.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 142 studies with 2.1% from low\u2010income settings were investigated; most report on stillbirths occurring at health facility level. Definition of stillbirth varied; 10.6% of studies (mainly upper middle\u2010income countries) used a cut\u2010off point of \u226522\u00a0weeks of gestation and 32.4% (mainly lower income countries) used \u226528\u00a0weeks of gestation. Factors reported to be associated with stillbirth include poverty and lack of education, maternal age (&gt;35 or &lt;20\u00a0years), parity (1, \u22655), lack of antenatal care, prematurity, low birthweight, and previous stillbirth. The most frequently reported cause of stillbirth was maternal factors (8\u201350%) including syphilis, positive\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      status with low\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      4 count, malaria and diabetes. Congenital anomalies are reported to account for 2.1\u201333.3% of stillbirths, placental causes (7.4\u201342%), asphyxia and birth trauma (3.1\u201325%), umbilical problems (2.9\u201333.3%), and amniotic and uterine factors (6.5\u201310.7%). Seven different classification systems were identified but applied in only 22% of studies that could have used a classification system. A high percentage of stillbirths remain \u2018unclassified\u2019 (3.8\u201357.4%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To build capacity for perinatal death audit, clear guidelines and a suitable classification system to assign cause of death must be developed. Existing classification systems may need to be adapted. Better data and more data are urgently needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,18]],"date-time":"2014-09-18T07:11:00Z","timestamp":1411024260000},"page":"141-153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":227,"title":["Causes of and factors associated with stillbirth in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries: a systematic literature review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Aminu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Maternal and Newborn Health Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place Liverpool L3 5QA UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Unkels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Maternal and Newborn Health Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place Liverpool L3 5QA UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Mdegela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Maternal and Newborn Health Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place Liverpool L3 5QA UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Utz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Maternal and Newborn Health Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place Liverpool L3 5QA UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Adaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Maternal and Newborn Health Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place Liverpool L3 5QA UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"van den Broek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Maternal and Newborn Health Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Pembroke Place Liverpool L3 5QA UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62232-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62187-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2006.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68586-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0412.2011.01275.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340902835901"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3182167627"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.06.033258"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/350763"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.111021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-11-25"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2008.00961.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2011.01247.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38629.587639.7C"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-9-24"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","unstructured":"World Bank.Gross national income per capita 2012 Atlas method and PPP. 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