{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T01:41:45Z","timestamp":1793324505340,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,28]],"date-time":"2015-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004330","name":"GlaxoSmithKline","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004330","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Roche Diagnostics International"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Cambridge Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre (Women's Health & Public Health themes)"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council (MRC)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine whether the relationship between previous miscarriage and risk of preterm birth changed over the period 1980\u20132008, and to determine whether the pattern varied according to the cause of the preterm birth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Linked birth databases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>All Scottish <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NHS<\/jats:styled-content> hospitals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Population<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 732\u00a0719 nulliparous women with a first live birth between 1980 and 2008.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Risk was estimated using logistic regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Preterm birth, subdivided by cause (spontaneous, induced with a diagnosis of pre\u2010eclampsia, or induced without a diagnosis of pre\u2010eclampsia) and severity [extreme (24\u201328\u00a0weeks of gestation), moderate (29\u201332\u00a0weeks of gestation), and mild (33\u201336\u00a0weeks of gestation)].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Consistent with previous studies, previous miscarriage was associated with an increased risk of all\u2010cause preterm birth (adjusted odds ratio, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aOR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a01.26; 95%\u00a0confidence interval, 95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.22\u20131.29). This arose from associations with all subtypes. The strongest association was found with extreme preterm birth (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aOR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a01.73; 95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.57\u20131.90). Risk increased with the number of miscarriages. Women with three or more miscarriages had the greatest risk of all\u2010cause preterm birth (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aOR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a02.14; 95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.93\u20132.38), and the strongest association was with extreme preterm birth (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aOR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a03.87; 95%\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 2.85\u20135.26). The strength of the association between miscarriage and preterm birth decreased from 1980 to 2008. This was because of weakening associations with spontaneous preterm birth and induced preterm birth without a diagnosis of pre\u2010eclampsia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The association between a prior history of miscarriage and the risk of preterm birth declined in Scotland over the period 1980\u20132008. We speculate that changes in the methods of managing incomplete termination of pregnancy might explain the trend, through reduced cervical damage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,28]],"date-time":"2015-01-28T08:48:08Z","timestamp":1422434888000},"page":"1525-1534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Previous miscarriage and the subsequent risk of preterm birth in Scotland, 1980\u20132008: a historical cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"C","family":"Oliver\u2010Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care University of Cambridge Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Fleming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Services Division NHS National Services Scotland Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AM","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care University of Cambridge Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"GCS","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology NIHR Biomedical Research Centre University of Cambridge Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"March of Dimes.March of Dimes [Internet].2013[www.marchofdimes.com\/loss\/miscarriage.aspx]. Accessed 1 December 2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"95","article-title":"Abortion and the risk of subsequent preterm birth: a systematic review with meta\u2010analyses","volume":"54","author":"Swingle HM","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","volume-title":"Born Too Soon: The Global Action Report on Preterm Birth","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det332"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001481"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1087106"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"162","article-title":"Deprivation and health in Scotland","volume":"48","author":"Carstairs V","year":"1990","journal-title":"Health Bull (Raleigh)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyl154"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/81.3.515"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","volume-title":"Statistical Analysis with Missing Data","author":"Little R","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2008.01943.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","volume-title":"Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding Premature Birth and Assuring Healthy Outcomes. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention","author":"Behrman R"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","unstructured":"NICE Clinical Guideline.Ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage: Diagnosis and initial management in early pregnancy of ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage[Internet]. [https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/cg154]. Accessed 25 April 2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.2002.00759.x"}],"container-title":["BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2F1471-0528.13276","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1471-0528.13276","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1471-0528.13276","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1471-0528.13276","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T17:21:11Z","timestamp":1696353671000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1471-0528.13276"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,28]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1471-0528.13276"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-0528.13276","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1470-0328","1471-0528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1470-0328","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-0528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-11-27","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-01-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}