{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:47:30Z","timestamp":1791280050996,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,11]],"date-time":"2015-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1431302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PB-PG-0808-16234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PB-PG-0808-16234"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>(Primary) To establish the effect of antenatal group self\u2010hypnosis for nulliparous women on intra\u2010partum epidural use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Multi\u2010method randomised control trial (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Three\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NHS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      Trusts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Population<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nulliparous women not planning elective caesarean, without medication for hypertension and without psychological illness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Randomisation at 28\u201332\u00a0weeks\u2019 gestation to usual care, or to usual care plus brief self\u2010hypnosis training (two\u00a0\u00d7\u00a090\u2010minute groups at around 32 and 35\u00a0weeks\u2019 gestation; daily audio self\u2010hypnosis\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ). Follow up at 2 and 6\u00a0weeks postnatal.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Primary:<\/jats:italic>\n                      epidural analgesia.\n                      <jats:italic>Secondary<\/jats:italic>\n                      : associated clinical and psychological outcomes; cost analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Six hundred and eighty women were randomised. There was no statistically significant difference in epidural use: 27.9% (intervention), 30.3% (control), odds ratio (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) 0.89 [95% confidence interval (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ): 0.64\u20131.24], or in 27 of 29 pre\u2010specified secondary clinical and psychological outcomes. Women in the intervention group had lower actual than anticipated levels of fear and anxiety between baseline and 2\u00a0weeks post natal (anxiety: mean difference \u22120.72, 95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u22121.16 to \u22120.28,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.001); fear (mean difference \u22120.62, 95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u22121.08 to \u22120.16,\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.009) [Correction added on 7 July 2015, after first online publication: \u2018Mean difference\u2019 replaced \u2018Odds ratio (OR)\u2019 in the preceding sentence.]. Postnatal response rates were 67% overall at 2\u00a0weeks. The additional cost in the intervention arm per woman was \u00a34.83 (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2212\u00a3257.93 to \u00a3267.59).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Allocation to two\u2010third\u2010trimester group self\u2010hypnosis training sessions did not significantly reduce intra\u2010partum epidural analgesia use or a range of other clinical and psychological variables. The impact of women's anxiety and fear about childbirth needs further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,11]],"date-time":"2015-05-11T01:48:57Z","timestamp":1431308937000},"page":"1226-1234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Self\u2010hypnosis for intrapartum pain management in pregnant nulliparous women: a randomised controlled trial of clinical effectiveness"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"S","family":"Downe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research in Childbirth and Health (ReaCH) group University of Central Lancashire Preston UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Finlayson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research in Childbirth and Health (ReaCH) group University of Central Lancashire Preston UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Melvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women &amp; Children's Health Research Team East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust Burnley General Hospital Burnley UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Spiby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine &amp; Health Sciences University of Nottingham Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences University of York York UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Diggle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lancaster Medical School Lancaster University Lancaster UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Gyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group Department of Women and Childrens\u2019 Health Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Hinder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RaFT Research Clitheroe Lancashire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Slade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology Health and Society University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Trepel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences University of York York UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Weeks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women's and Children's Health University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Whorwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Gastrointestinal Sciences University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women &amp; Children's Health Research Team East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust Burnley General Hospital Burnley UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"CD009234","article-title":"Pain management for women in labour: an overview of systematic reviews","author":"Jones L","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"Hospital Episode Statistics: NHS Maternity Statistics 2012\u201313. 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