{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T23:04:25Z","timestamp":1772147065753,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,26]],"date-time":"2015-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"March of Dimes Prematurity Center and the Stanford Child Health Research Institute at Stanford University School of Medicine"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine the relationship between maternal characteristics, serum biomarkers and preterm birth (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTB<\/jats:styled-content>) by spontaneous and medically indicated subtypes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Population\u2010based cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>California, United States of America<jats:bold>.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Population<\/jats:title><jats:p>From a total population of 1\u00a0004\u00a0039 live singleton births in 2009 and 2010, 841\u00a0665 pregnancies with linked birth certificate and hospital discharge records were included.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Characteristics were compared for term and preterm deliveries by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTB<\/jats:styled-content> subtype using logistic regression and odds ratios adjusted for maternal characteristics and obstetric factors present in final stepwise models and 95% confidence intervals. First\u2010trimester and second\u2010trimester serum marker levels were analysed in a subset of 125\u00a0202 pregnancies with available first\u2010trimester and second\u2010trimester serum biomarker results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measure<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTB<\/jats:styled-content> by subtype.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In fully adjusted models, ten characteristics and three serum biomarkers were associated with increased risk in each <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTB<\/jats:styled-content> subtype (Black race\/ethnicity, pre\u2010existing hypertension with and without pre\u2010eclampsia, gestational hypertension with pre\u2010eclampsia, pre\u2010existing diabetes, anaemia, previous <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTB<\/jats:styled-content>, one or two or more previous caesarean section(s), interpregnancy interval \u2265\u00a060\u00a0months, low first\u2010trimester pregnancy\u2010associated plasma protein A, high second\u2010trimester <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\u2010fetoprotein, and high second\u2010trimester dimeric inhibin A). These risks occurred in 51.6\u201386.2% of all pregnancies ending in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTB<\/jats:styled-content> depending on subtype. The highest risk observed was for medically indicated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTB<\/jats:styled-content> &lt;32\u00a0weeks in women with pre\u2010existing hypertension and pre\u2010eclampsia (adjusted odds ratio 89.7, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 27.3\u2013111.2).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings suggest a shared aetiology across <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTB<\/jats:styled-content> subtypes. These commonalities point to targets for further study and exploration of risk reduction strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Tweetable abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Findings suggest a shared aetiology across preterm birth subtypes. Patterns may inform risk reduction efforts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,26]],"date-time":"2015-06-26T07:59:16Z","timestamp":1435305556000},"page":"1484-1493","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Maternal characteristics and mid\u2010pregnancy serum biomarkers as risk factors for subtypes of preterm birth"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"LL","family":"Jelliffe\u2010Pawlowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetic Disease Screening Program California Department of Public Health Richmond CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"RJ","family":"Baer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetic Disease Screening Program California Department of Public Health Richmond CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"YJ","family":"Blumenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; 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