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Compared with women having only spontaneous vaginal births, women who delivered exclusively by caesarean section were less likely to have urinary incontinence at 4\u00a0years postpartum (adjusted odds ratio 0.4, 95% confidence interval 0.3\u20130.6). Women who reported urinary incontinence before or during the index pregnancy, and those experiencing symptoms in the first year postpartum had increased odds of incontinence at 4\u00a0years, with the highest odds (6\u201312 times higher) among women who had previously reported moderate or severe symptoms. The odds of reporting faecal incontinence at 4\u00a0years were two to six times higher for women experiencing symptoms in pregnancy, and around four to eight times higher for those with symptoms in the first year postpartum.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Urinary and faecal incontinence are prevalent conditions 4\u00a0years after a first birth. Women reporting urinary or faecal incontinence during pregnancy had markedly higher odds of reporting symptoms at 4\u00a0years postpartum, suggesting a need for further investigation and elucidation of aetiological pathways involving nonbirth\u2010related risk factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Tweetable abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Moderate\/severe incontinence prevalent 4\u00a0years after first birth in population cohort. Prior symptoms are biggest predictor.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]],"date-time":"2015-07-14T16:46:59Z","timestamp":1436892419000},"page":"1203-1211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Frequency, severity and risk factors for urinary and faecal incontinence at 4\u00a0years postpartum: a prospective cohort"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"D","family":"Gartland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Healthy Mothers Healthy Families Research Group Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne Vic. 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