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We estimated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>s for labour induction versus expectant management of pregnancy each week from 34 to 42\u00a0weeks of gestation. We estimated risk ratios (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content>s) for the association between labour induction and primary caesarean delivery from models with no adjustment, traditional adjustment of five covariates, matched <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>, and adjustment for continuous <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measure<\/jats:title><jats:p>Caesarean delivery in current or subsequent week of gestation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In crude models labour induction increased the risk of caesarean delivery in all weeks (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a01.06\u20131.52), excepting 39\u00a0weeks of gestation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a00.89). After matching on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>, the analysis showed a significantly decreased risk of caesarean delivery with labour induction during weeks\u00a035\u201339 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a00.77\u20130.92), and a significantly elevated risk at weeks\u00a040 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a01.22) and 41 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a01.39). Traditional covariate and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content> adjustment resulted in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content>s between those from crude and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010matched models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is evidence of considerable confounding by indication in the association of labour induction and caesarean delivery, particularly for preterm deliveries. Using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content> methods, we found a reduced risk of caesarean delivery with labour induction before 40\u00a0weeks of gestation, and an elevated risk for weeks\u00a040\u201342.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Tweetable abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>With confounding adjustment, labour induction does not increase the risk of caesarean at 34\u201339\u00a0weeks of gestation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,28]],"date-time":"2015-09-28T06:21:24Z","timestamp":1443421284000},"page":"1521-1529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The effect of labour induction on the risk of caesarean delivery: using propensity scores to control confounding by indication"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"VA","family":"Danilack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Brown University School of Public Health Providence RI USA"},{"name":"Division of Research Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Women and Infants Hospital Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DD","family":"Dore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice Brown University School of Public Health Providence RI USA"},{"name":"Optum Epidemiology Waltham MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"EW","family":"Triche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Brown University School of Public Health Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JH","family":"Muri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Perinatal Information Center\/Quality Analytic Services, Inc. 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