{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T23:08:23Z","timestamp":1785452903951,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,6]],"date-time":"2015-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007076","name":"Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005010","name":"Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005010","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To quantify the relation between body mass index (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content>) and endometrial cancer risk, and to describe the shape of such a relation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pooled analysis of three hospital\u2010based case\u2013control studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Italy and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>witzerland.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Population<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 1449 women with endometrial cancer and 3811 controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multivariate odds ratios (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>) and 95% confidence intervals (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>) were obtained from logistic regression models. The shape of the relation was determined using a class of flexible regression models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measure<\/jats:title><jats:p>The relation of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content> with endometrial cancer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with women with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content> 18.5 to &lt;25\u00a0kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, the odds ratio was 5.73 (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 4.28\u20137.68) for women with a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content> \u226535\u00a0kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. The odds ratios were 1.10 (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.09\u20131.12) and 1.63 (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.52\u20131.75) respectively for an increment of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content> of 1 and 5 units. The relation was stronger in never\u2010users of oral contraceptives (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> 3.35, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 2.78\u20134.03, for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content> \u226530 versus &lt;25\u00a0kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) than in users (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> 1.22, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.56\u20132.67), and in women with diabetes (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> 8.10, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 4.10\u201316.01, for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content> \u226530 versus &lt;25\u00a0kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) than in those without diabetes (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> 2.95, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 2.44\u20133.56). The relation was best fitted by a cubic model, although after the exclusion of the 5% upper and lower tails, it was best fitted by a linear model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of this study confirm a role of elevated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content> in the aetiology of endometrial cancer and suggest that the risk in obese women increases in a cubic nonlinear fashion. The relation was stronger in never\u2010users of oral contraceptives and in women with diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Tweetable Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Risk of endometrial cancer increases with elevated body weight in a cubic nonlinear fashion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,6]],"date-time":"2015-11-06T08:06:38Z","timestamp":1446797198000},"page":"285-292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Modelling body mass index and endometrial cancer risk in a pooled\u2010analysis of three case\u2013control studies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Rota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology IRCCS\u2014Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Rumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology IRCCS\u2014Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V","family":"Bagnardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods University of Milan\u2010Bicocca Milan Italy"},{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Dal Maso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute IRCCS Aviano Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Zucchetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute IRCCS Aviano Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Levi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"La Vecchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health University of Milan Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Tavani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology IRCCS\u2014Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021423"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60269-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-10-0832"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-5379(89)90103-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24803"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39367.495995.AE"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdv142"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910500413"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603933"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2011.63"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2986270"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780080504"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Development Core Team","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60892-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Statistical methods in cancer research. 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