{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T12:56:28Z","timestamp":1793105788883,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]],"date-time":"2017-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1507680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Preterm birth may leave the brain vulnerable to dysfunction. Knowledge of future neurodevelopmental delay in children born with various degrees of prematurity is needed to inform practice and policy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To quantify the long\u2010term cognitive, motor, behavioural and academic performance of children born with different degrees of prematurity compared with term\u2010born children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Search strategy<\/jats:title><jats:p>PubMed and Embase were searched from January 1980 to December 2016 without language restrictions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Selection criteria<\/jats:title><jats:p>Observational studies that reported neurodevelopmental outcomes from 2 years of age in children born preterm compared with a term\u2010born cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data collection and analysis<\/jats:title><jats:p>We pooled individual estimates of standardised mean differences (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SMD<\/jats:styled-content>) and odds ratios (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>) with 95% confidence intervals using a random effects model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included 74 studies (64 061 children). Preterm children had lower cognitive scores for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FSIQ<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SMD<\/jats:styled-content>: \u22120.70; 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: \u22120.73 to \u22120.66), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PIQ<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SMD<\/jats:styled-content>: \u22120.67; 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: \u22120.73 to \u22120.60) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VIQ<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SMD<\/jats:styled-content>: \u22120.53; 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: \u22120.60 to \u22120.47). Lower scores for preterm children in motor skills, behaviour, reading, mathematics and spelling were observed at primary school age, and this persisted to secondary school age, except for mathematics. Gestational age at birth accounted for 38\u201348% of the observed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IQ<\/jats:styled-content> variance. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADHD<\/jats:styled-content> was diagnosed twice as often in preterm children (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.6; 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.3\u20131.8), with a differential effect observed according to the severity of prematurity (<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 49.4%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.03).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prematurity of any degree affects the cognitive performance of children born preterm. The poor neurodevelopment persists at various ages of follow up. Parents, educators, healthcare professionals and policy makers need to take into account the additional academic, emotional and behavioural needs of these children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Tweetable abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adverse effect of preterm birth on a child's neurodevelopment persists up to adulthood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]],"date-time":"2017-10-11T05:02:44Z","timestamp":1507698164000},"page":"16-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":500,"title":["Cognitive, motor, behavioural and academic performances of children born preterm: a meta\u2010analysis and systematic review involving 64 061 children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"J","family":"Allotey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Health Research Unit Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London London UK"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Evidence Synthesis Hub (mEsh) Queen Mary University of London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Zamora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Health Research Unit Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London London UK"},{"name":"CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP) Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Clinical Biostatistics Unit Hospital Ramon y Cajal (IRYCIS) Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Cheong\u2010See","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Health Research Unit Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Kalidindi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Health Research Unit Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Arroyo\u2010Manzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP) Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Clinical Biostatistics Unit Hospital Ramon y Cajal (IRYCIS) Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Asztalos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Obstetrics\/Gynaecology University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JAM","family":"van der Post","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Academic Medical Centre University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"BW","family":"Mol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Robinson Research Institute School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia"},{"name":"The South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Surrey Guildford Surrey UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Birtles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of East London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KS","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Health Research Unit Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London London UK"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Evidence Synthesis Hub (mEsh) Queen Mary University of London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Thangaratinam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Health Research Unit Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London London UK"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Evidence Synthesis Hub (mEsh) Queen Mary University of London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60820-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60074-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27164"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","unstructured":"Short and long\u2010term effects of preterm birth fact sheet. 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