{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T01:29:46Z","timestamp":1783128586538,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,28]],"date-time":"2017-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Female genital mutilation\/cutting (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGM<\/jats:styled-content>\/C) changes normal genital functionality and can cause complications. There is an increasing demand for treatment of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGM<\/jats:styled-content>\/C\u2010related complications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a systematic review of empirical quantitative research on the outcomes of interventions for women with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGM<\/jats:styled-content>\/C\u2010related complications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Search strategy<\/jats:title><jats:p>A search specialist searched 16 electronic databases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Selection criteria<\/jats:title><jats:p>Selection was performed independently by two researchers. We accepted quantitative studies that examined\u00a0the\u00a0outcome of an intervention for an <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGM<\/jats:styled-content>\/C\u2010related concern.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data collection and analysis<\/jats:title><jats:p>We extracted data into a pre\u2010designed form, calculated effect estimates, and performed meta\u2010analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included 62 studies (5829 women), which investigated the effect of defibulation, excision of cysts, and clitoral reconstruction. Meta\u2010analyses of defibulation versus no defibulation showed a significantly lower risk of caesarean section\u00a0(relative risk, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.33; 95% confidence interval, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.25\u20130.45) and perineal tears with defibulation: second\u2010degree tear (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.44, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.24\u20130.79), third\u2010degree tear (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.21, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.05\u20130.94), fourth\u2010degree tear (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RR<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.06, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.01\u20130.41). The meta\u2010analyses detected no significant differences in obstetric outcomes of antenatal versus intrapartum defibulation. Except for one study, none of the studies on the excision of cysts indicated any complications, and the results were deemed favourable. Reconstructive surgery resulted in a visible clitoris in about 77% of women. Most women self\u2010reported improvements in their sexual life, but up to 22% experienced a worsening in sexuality\u2010related outcomes after reconstruction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Women with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGM<\/jats:styled-content>\/C who seek therapeutic surgery should be informed about the scarcity of evidence for benefits and the potential harms of the available procedures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Tweetable abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Systematic review shows defibulation after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGM<\/jats:styled-content>\/C has obstetric benefits; effect of reconstruction is uncertain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,29]],"date-time":"2017-07-29T07:22:39Z","timestamp":1501312959000},"page":"278-287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["The effectiveness of surgical interventions for women with <scp>FGM<\/scp>\/C: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"RC","family":"Berg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine University of Tromso Tromso Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Taraldsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Women's Health Division of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Oslo University Hospital HF Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MA","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo University Hospital \u2013 Ullev\u00e5l Hospital Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"IK","family":"S\u00f8rbye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Women's Health Division of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Oslo University Hospital HF Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Vangen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Women's Health Division of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Oslo University Hospital HF Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"WHO.Eliminating female genital mutilation: An interagency statement.2008[www.unfpa.org\/webdav\/site\/global\/shared\/documents\/publications\/2008\/eliminating_fgm.pdf]. 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