{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T11:08:47Z","timestamp":1792062527765,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,21]],"date-time":"2018-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1526860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PA209\u201009\/086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PA209\u201009\/086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GA209\u201009\/086D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA209\u201009\/086D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG032282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG032282"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/K00381X"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/K00381X"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003524","name":"Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003524","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To estimate the prevalence of pelvic pain and model associations with potential demographic, obstetric, gynaecological and psychosocial determinants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design, setting and sample<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cohort study of women born between 1972 and 1973 in Dunedin, New Zealand, most recently assessed when aged 38 years (95% of survivors retained); 429 women were eligible for analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Women self\u2010completed reproductive health questionnaires at ages 21, 26, 32 and 38 years, with questions on dysmenorrhoea at ages 13 and 15, and on all pelvic pain at age 38. Prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>) were calculated and Poisson regression used to model associations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of pain and adjusted relative risks (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ARR<\/jats:styled-content>) for potential explanatory factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over half (54.5%, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 49.7\u201359.3%) of women experienced pelvic pain in the past 12 months at age 38. Dysmenorrhoea was reported by 46.2% (41.3\u201351.3%), dyspareunia by 11.6% (8.7\u201315.2%) and other pelvic pain (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OPP<\/jats:styled-content>) by 17.3% (13.8\u201321.2%). After adjusting for multiple factors, pregnancy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ARR<\/jats:styled-content> 0.60, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.32\u20131.13) and childbirth (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ARR<\/jats:styled-content> 0.52, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.25\u20131.09) were borderline protective for dyspareunia and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OPP<\/jats:styled-content>, respectively. However, childbirth was not associated with dysmenorrhoea (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ARR<\/jats:styled-content> 0.97, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.74\u20131.28). Dysmenorrhoea and dyspareunia were strongly associated, and both were associated with endometriosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our data confirm that female pelvic pain is common, and suggest common gynaecological and obstetric causal pathways, but there was no strong evidence supporting a benefit of childbirth for dysmenorrhoea. Further research on obstetric events and pelvic pain is needed, with both being common experiences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Tweetable abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pelvic pain was common at age 38, especially dysmenorrhoea (46.2%), and no improvement was detected following childbirth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,20]],"date-time":"2018-04-20T02:20:14Z","timestamp":1524190814000},"page":"1532-1539","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The prevalence and potential determinants of dysmenorrhoea and other pelvic pain in women: a prospective study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Righarts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women's and Children's Health University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Osborne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women's and Children's Health University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Social Medicine University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W","family":"Gillett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women's and Children's Health University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(02)02723-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxt009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-6-177"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"541","article-title":"The community prevalence of chronic pelvic pain in women and associated illness behaviour","volume":"51","author":"Zondervan KT","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.2004.tb00446.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.938"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38748.697465.55"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000317"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmv039"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","volume-title":"Medicines for Women","author":"Gillett W","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2017.02.436"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmq050"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68700-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"749","article-title":"Issues in investigating the aetiology of chronic pelvic pain","volume":"332","author":"Zondervan KT","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-015-1048-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","volume-title":"New Zealand socio\u2010economic index 2006","author":"Milne BJ","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/0471722146.ch4","volume-title":"Model\u2010Building Strategies and Methods for Logistic Regression. 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