{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:08:15Z","timestamp":1790734095660,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,6]],"date-time":"2019-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000233","name":"Genome British Columbia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000233","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F10\u201002113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F10\u201002113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare the vaginal microbiota of women living with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WLWH<\/jats:styled-content>) with the vaginal microbiota of women with recurrent bacterial vaginosis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BV<\/jats:styled-content>) and healthy women without <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> to determine if there are differences in the vaginal microbiome, what factors influence these differences, and to characterise <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> clinical parameters including viral load and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4 count in relation to the vaginal microbiome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Observational cohort study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Canada.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Population<\/jats:title><jats:p>Women aged 18\u201349\u00a0years who were premenopausal and not pregnant were recruited into three cohorts: healthy women, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WLWH<\/jats:styled-content> and women with recurrent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BV<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Demographic and clinical data were collected via interviews and medical chart reviews. Vaginal swabs were collected for Gram\u2010stain assessment and microbiome profiling using the <jats:italic>cpn<\/jats:italic>60 barcode sequence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare overall community composition differences, we used compositional data analysis methods, hierarchical clustering and Kruskal\u2013Wallis tests where appropriate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical markers such as odour and abnormal discharge, but not irritation, were associated with higher microbial diversity. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WLWH<\/jats:styled-content> with unsuppressed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> viral loads were more likely than other groups to have non\u2010<jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic>\u2010dominated microbiomes. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> was associated with higher vaginal microbial diversity and this was related to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> viral load, with unsuppressed women demonstrating significantly higher relative abundance of <jats:italic>Megasphaera<\/jats:italic> genomosp. 1, <jats:italic>Atopobium vaginae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Clostridiales<\/jats:italic> sp. (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) compared with all other groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WLWH<\/jats:styled-content>, unsuppressed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> viral loads were associated with a distinct dysbiotic profile consisting of very low levels of <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> and high levels of anaerobes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Tweetable abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vaginal microbiomes in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WLWH<\/jats:styled-content> with viral load &gt;50\u00a0copies\/ml have distinct dysbiotic profiles with high levels of anaerobes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T13:46:23Z","timestamp":1568036783000},"page":"250-259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Different and diverse anaerobic microbiota were seen in women living with <scp>HIV<\/scp> with unsuppressed <scp>HIV<\/scp> viral load and in women with recurrent bacterial vaginosis: a cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"C","family":"Elwood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada"},{"name":"Women's Health Research Institute Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AYK","family":"Albert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's Health Research Institute Vancouver BC 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