{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T23:18:00Z","timestamp":1785799080549,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,3]],"date-time":"2020-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19K09761"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19K09761"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fetal fractional limb volume has been proposed as a useful measure for quantifying fetal soft tissue development. The aim of this study was to investigate the growth of fractional arm volume (AVol) and fractional thigh volume (TVol) of fetuses with maternal gestational diabetes (GDM) compared with those of fetuses with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). We hypothesised fetal fractional limb volume would be larger in the GDM group than in the NGT group in late gestation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exploratory observational study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Saitama Municipal Hospital.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Sample<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 165 (125 NGT and 40 GDM) singleton Japanese pregnant women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>AVol and TVol were assessed between 20 and 37\u00a0weeks\u2019 gestation as cylindrical limb volumes based on 50% of the fetal humeral or femoral diaphysis length. Women were diagnosed as GDM based on the criteria of the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>AVol and TVol were compared between women with NGT and those with GDM at each gestational age period (2\u2010week intervals from 20 to 37\u00a0weeks\u2019 gestation).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, 287 ultrasound scans were performed (NGT group, 205 scans; GDM group, 82 scans). There was no significant difference of AVol between the groups before 32\u00a0weeks\u2019 gestation. AVol was significantly larger in the GDM group than in the NGT group after 32\u00a0weeks\u2019 gestation (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). TVol was not statistically different between the groups across gestation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Detection of variations in fetal AVol may provide greater insight into understanding the origins of altered fetal body proportion in GDM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Tweetable abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>AVol, but not TVol, is significantly larger in fetuses with GDM than in those with NGT after 32\u00a0weeks\u2019 gestation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T20:20:56Z","timestamp":1587068456000},"page":"329-335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Differences in fetal fractional limb volume changes in normal and gestational diabetic pregnancies: an exploratory observational 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