{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:14:09Z","timestamp":1790723649411,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]],"date-time":"2020-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006506","name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006506","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the presence and identity of extracellular bacteriophage (phage) families, genera and species in the vagina of pregnant women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Descriptive, observational cohort study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Population<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pregnant women at 21\u201324\u00a0weeks\u2019 gestation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vaginal samples from 107 women whose vaginal microbiome and pregnancy outcomes were previously determined were analysed for phages by metagenomic sequencing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Identification of phage families, genera and species.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Phages were detected in 96 (89.7%) of the samples. Six different phage families were identified: Siphoviridae in 69.2%, Myoviridae in 49.5%, Microviridae in 37.4%, Podoviridae in 20.6%, Herelleviridae in 10.3% and Inviridae in 1.9% of the women. Four different phage families were present in 14 women (13.1%), three families in 20 women (18.7%), two families in 31 women (29.1%) and one family in 31 women (29.1%). The most common phage species detected were <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic> phages in 48 (43.6%), <jats:italic>Escherichia<\/jats:italic> phages in 45 (40.9%), <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> phages in 40 (36.4%), <jats:italic>Gokushovirus<\/jats:italic> in 33 (30.0%) and <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> phages in 29 (26.4%) women. In a preliminary exploratory analysis, there were no associations between a particular phage family, the number of phage families present in the vagina or any particular phage species and either gestational age at delivery or the bacterial community state type present in the vagina.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multiple phages are present in the vagina of most mid\u2010trimester pregnant women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Tweetable abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bacteriophages are present in the vagina of most pregnant women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T18:47:08Z","timestamp":1600973228000},"page":"976-982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Identification of bacteriophages in the vagina of pregnant women: a descriptive study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"128","author":[{"given":"AC","family":"da Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine University of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7963-1758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"AF","family":"Moron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine University of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LJ","family":"Forney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and the Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies University of Idaho Moscow ID USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"IM","family":"Linhares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Sabino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine University of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SF","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine University of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MC","family":"Mendes\u2010Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine University of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3502-3929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"SS","family":"Witkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine University of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Weill Cornell Medicine New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-102215-095431"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3564"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.122705.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.22371"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63432-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2018-0275"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01884-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7120625"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-014-0071-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.04.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15951"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.8.1.31-39.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(00)00003-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02242-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-019-01648-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1502875112"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3950"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134941"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2014.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01578-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2144\/000112019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03690.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14390"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/375819"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08988"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09285-9"}],"container-title":["BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1471-0528.16528","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1471-0528.16528","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1471-0528.16528","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T00:21:54Z","timestamp":1693614114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1471-0528.16528"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1471-0528.16528"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-0528.16528","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1470-0328","1471-0528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1470-0328","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-0528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-08-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}