{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:19:52Z","timestamp":1791825592373,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,25]],"date-time":"2020-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the prevalence of constipation during pregnancy and early puerperium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Observational survey.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Secondary and tertiary hospital in Finland.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Population<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pregnant (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0474) and postpartum (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0403) women and a control group of 200 non\u2010pregnant women who did not give birth in the past year.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Women reported bowel function and other gastrointestinal symptoms on a structured questionnaire using an 11\u2010point numerical rating scale (0\u00a0=\u00a0no symptom, 10\u00a0=\u00a0most severe symptom) and binominal yes\/no questions during the second and third trimesters and few days and 1 month after childbirth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measure<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prevalence of constipation based on the Rome IV criteria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The data consist of five cohorts of women: second trimester (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0264), third trimester (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0210), after vaginal delivery (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0200) or caesarean section (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0203), and a control group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0200). The prevalence of constipation was 40% in pregnant women and 52% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) in postpartum women, which was a higher prevalence than that in the control group, where 21% had constipation (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). A few days after delivery, the prevalence of constipation was lower after vaginal delivery (47%) than caesarean section (57%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.039). One month postpartum, the prevalence of constipation was low: 9% after vaginal delivery (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.002 compared with the control group) and 15% after caesarean section. Other gastrointestinal symptoms were common; pregnant women had the highest prevalence (34%) of nausea\/vomiting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of constipation was two\u2010 to three\u2010fold higher in pregnant women and a few days after delivery than in non\u2010pregnant women. During puerperium, bowel function returned to or below that reported in non\u2010pregnant women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Tweetable abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Constipation is common in pregnancy and after delivery, but bowel function returns early in puerperium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]],"date-time":"2020-10-08T09:16:21Z","timestamp":1602148581000},"page":"1057-1064","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal constipation \u2013 an observational hybrid survey on pregnant and postpartum women and their age\u2010matched non\u2010pregnant controls"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"128","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Kuronen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland"},{"name":"School of Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Hantunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Alanne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Kokki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Saukko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Sj\u00f6vall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia Satakunta Central Hospital Pori Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Vesterinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Kokki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-8-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2013.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"KoponenP BorodulinK LundqvistA S\u00e4\u00e4ksj\u00e4rviK KoskinenS et al.Health functional capacity and welfare in Finland \u2013 FinHealth 2017 study. National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) Report 4\/2018 236 pages. Helsinki 2018. ISBN 978\u2010952\u2010343\u2010104\u20101 (printed) ISBN 978\u2010952\u2010343\u2010105\u20108 (online publication)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05843.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.76"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000218096.54169.34"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(85)90196-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312233292601"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"363","article-title":"Constipation during pregnancy: incidence and methods used in its treatment in a group of Cambridgeshire women","volume":"57","author":"Anderson AS","year":"1984","journal-title":"Health Visitor"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1998.tb10123.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000295723.94624.b1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1624\/105812406X119002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","unstructured":"Official Statistics of Finland (OSF): Births [e\u2010publication].ISSN=1798\u20102413. Helsinki: Statistics Finland [Cited 2020 March 20]. Access method:http:\/\/www.stat.fi\/til\/synt\/index_en.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3111\/13696990903430481"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e3281108058"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12168"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12406"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00319.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2007.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2006.00061.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610120113391"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0133521","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133521","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk factors of functional constipation in pregnant women","volume":"7","author":"Shi W","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.14324"}],"container-title":["BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1471-0528.16559","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1471-0528.16559","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1471-0528.16559","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T00:22:08Z","timestamp":1693614128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1471-0528.16559"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,25]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1471-0528.16559"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-0528.16559","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1470-0328","1471-0528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1470-0328","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-0528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-09-30","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}