{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T07:53:35Z","timestamp":1791186815182,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RP\u2010PG\u20100614\u201020005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP\u2010PG\u20100614\u201020005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the accuracy of self\u2010testing for proteinuria during pregnancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diagnostic accuracy study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antenatal clinics, maternity assessment units and inpatient wards at three hospital sites.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Population or Sample<\/jats:title><jats:p>345 pregnant women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pregnant women self\u2010tested in\u2010clinic for urinary protein using visually read dipsticks with samples then sent for laboratory estimation of the spot protein\u2010creatinine ratio (PCR) (primary reference test). Secondary index tests included testing by antenatal healthcare professionals and an automated colorimetric reader.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value and likelihood ratios were calculated for self\u2010testing (primary index test) along with healthcare professional and colorimetric testing compared to the primary reference test (PCR).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>335\/345 (97%) had sufficient data to be included in the analysis. Self\u2010testing had a sensitivity of 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.62\u20130.79) and a specificity of 0.89 (95% CI 0.84\u20130.92) compared to PCR. Sensitivity and specificity of testing by healthcare professionals and the colorimetric reader were similar: sensitivity 0.73 (95% CI 0.64\u20130.80) and 0.78 (95% CI 0.69\u20130.85), respectively; specificity 0.88 (95% CI 0.82\u20130.92) and 0.83 (95% CI 0.78\u20130.88), respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pregnant women can visually read a dipstick for urinary protein with similar accuracy to antenatal healthcare professionals. Automated colorimetric testing was not significantly different, in contrast to some previous studies. Self\u2010testing has the potential to form part of a self\u2010monitoring regime in pregnancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T14:16:31Z","timestamp":1649772991000},"page":"2142-2148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Cross\u2010sectional diagnostic accuracy study of self\u2010testing for proteinuria during hypertensive pregnancies: The <scp>UDIP<\/scp> study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"129","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1033-2730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bethany Ellen","family":"Jakubowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women and Children's Health King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Layla","family":"Lavallee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lesley","family":"Brittain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham Women and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Hodgkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Health Research, Murray Learning Centre, College of Medical and Dental Sciences University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Hinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"THIS Institute, University of Cambridge, Clifford Allbutt Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Mackillop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy C.","family":"Chappell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women and Children's Health King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"McManus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine Louise","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.Antenatal care for uncomplicated pregnancies. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Guidelines 2008."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management. 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