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The aims of this study were to investigate if the pre\u2010eclampsia association with CVD is independent of GDM and modified by body mass index (BMI) or GDM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Case\u2013control study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sweden.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Population<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cases were women with a first CVD event between 1991 and 2008 and a previous pregnancy who were matched with controls without CVD (1:5) by year of birth, age and region of birth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations of GDM, pre\u2010eclampsia and maternal BMI with CVD adjusted for potential confounders and effect modifications with interaction tests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>CVD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were 2639 cases and 13\u2009310 controls with complete data. Pre\u2010eclampsia and GDM were independent risk factors for CVD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.59, 95% CI 2.12\u20133.17 and aOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.04\u20132.09, respectively). After stratifying by maternal BMI, the adjusted association of pre\u2010eclampsia with CVD did not differ notably between BMI groups: normal weight (aOR 2.65, 95% CI 1.90\u20133.69), overweight (aOR 2.67, 95% CI 1.52\u20134.68) and obesity (aOR 3.03, 95% CI 0.74\u201312.4). Similar findings were seen when stratifying on GDM\/non\u2010GDM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pre\u2010eclampsia and GDM are independent risk factors for later CVD and having both during pregnancy is a major risk factor for later CVD. The association between pre\u2010eclampsia and CVD is not modified by BMI. Effective CVD preventive programs for high\u2010risk women are urgently needed in order to improve women's long\u2010term health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T05:51:07Z","timestamp":1679982667000},"page":"1209-1216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Previous pre\u2010eclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus and the risk of cardiovascular disease: A nested case\u2013control study in Sweden"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"130","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3707-6696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karin","family":"Hild\u00e9n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health \u00d6rebro University  \u00d6rebro 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